How many passwords are there formed from either lower case letters or numeric characters of length 4 where the first and last characters must be the same? Select one: a. 102.363 +26².36³ b. 10-362 +26-36² C. 264 +104 O d. 10-(263 +36³) How many students are needed in a room so that at least 11 were born in the same month? Select one: a. 120 O b. 121 O C. 140 O d. 141
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- The Caesar Cipher Algorithm was introduced in Week #1. Encryption is the act of encoding a message with the intent of allowing only authorized people the knowledge of how to read that message. An encrypted message can be decoded, allowing the secured content to be read after decryption. Recall that the Caesar Cipher uses alphabets as the primary source of information but shifted a certain number of letters to the left or right as a key to create the encrypted data. The Caesar Cipher is easily hacked because of the simple technique used to build the key that encrypts and decrypts the data. In this lab, the key is the number of alphabets shifted, and the direction is always toward the increasing alphabetical order. This provides 26 ways of encrypting a message and therefore makes it easier to be hacked by guessing the key within the range of 0 - 25. Write the function caesar_hack( ) that takes three parameters: a Caesar Cipher encrypted message, an alphabet list, and the original…1. A computer department is assigning random computers to faculty members attaching an ID number to each of them. The ID numbers include 2 letters of the English alphabets, followed by a 5-digit number, for example “CD95368”. There are no restrictions on letters or digits. How many different ID numbers can be created using this format? 2. In the previous question about ID numbers, how many can be created if the repeatation of letters is not allowed and the digit 0 is not allowed to be used?The Caesar Cipher Algorithm was introduced in Week #1. Encryption is the act of encoding a message with the intent of allowing only authorized people the knowledge of how to read that message. An encrypted message can be decoded, allowing the secured content to be read after decryption. Recall that the Caesar Cipher uses alphabets as the primary source of information but shifted a certain number of letters to the left or right as a key to create the encrypted data. The Caesar Cipher is easily hacked because of the simple technique used to build the key that encrypts and decrypts the data. In this lab, the key is the number of alphabets shifted, and the direction is always toward the increasing alphabetical order. This provides 26 ways of encrypting a message and therefore makes it easier to be hacked by guessing the key within the range of 0 - 25. Write the function caesar_hack( ) that takes three parameters: a Caesar Cipher encrypted message, an alphabet list, and the original…
- 4. Encryption is used to secure data messages in computer networks. One possible way of encrypting text consists of rewriting the text by including first the characters found at even indexes (starting from 0) followed by the characters stored at odd indexes, while ignoring whitespace characters. For instance, the String "Exam is fun" can be encoded using the previously explained technique as "Easfnxmiu". To be able to recover the original message based on the encrypted version of the message, some additional information should be added to the encrypted message, namely, the number of characters found at even indexes, the number of characters found at odd indexes, and the indexes at which the white space characters existed in the original message. In this way, reconsidering our previous example, the string "Exam is fun" can be encoded using the previously explained technique as "5 4 4 7 Easfnxmiu". This is particularly true since the original message had 5 characters at even indexes…A certain computer password consists of 3 through 5 uppercase letters chosen from the 26 letters in the Roman alphabet, with repetitions allowed. a, How many different passwords can be formed? b) How many different passwords have no repeated letter? c) What is the value of p after exiting the nested loop? p:= 1 for i:= 1 to 3 for j := 1 to 3 p:= p · i ·j next j next iPart I Assume that a N × M matrix is stored in a file. However, the file is corrupted somehow, and some numbers replaced with asterisk symbol (*). Write a method that reads given corrupted file and fills the missing data with the average of the column. For example, given matrix 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 12, missing data should be replaced with 2++11 = 7. Part II Assume that multiple messages are encrypted with Ceaser ciphering' and stored in a file. Write a method that deciphers the messages with given shift value. Note: Use English alphabet with only lower-case characters.
- Focus on string operations and methods You work for a small company that keeps the following information about its clients: • first name • last name • a 5-digit user code assigned by your company. The information is stored in a file clients.txt with the information for each client on one line (last name first), with commas between the parts. For example Jones, Sally,00345 Lin ,Nenya,00548 Fule,A,00000 Smythe , Mary Ann , 00012 Your job is to create a program assign usernames for a login system. First: write a function named get_parts(string) that will that will receive as its arguments a string with the client data for one client, for example “Lin ,Nenya,00548”, and return the separate first name, last name, and client code. You should remove any extra whitespace from the beginning and newlines from the end of the parts. You’ll need to use some of the string methods that we covered in this lesson You can test your function by with a main() that is just the function call with the…Suppose you generate the following RSA key pairs:• p = 37199• q = 49031• N = p · q = 1823904169• (p − 1) · (q − 1) = 1823817940• e = 65537 (for encryption)• d = 1578812933 (for decrption)Assuming a=01, b=02, . . . , z=26, and we group the digits in groups of three. (ii) If you receive strings of digits from a sender: 199770170, 1288754980, 324346846, 1370682962, decrypt the message.Suppose you generate the following RSA key pairs: • p = 37199• q = 49031• N = p · q = 1823904169• (p − 1) · (q − 1) = 1823817940• e = 65537 (for encryption)• d = 1578812933 (for decrption)Assuming a=01, b=02, . . . , z=26, and we group the digits in groups of three. (i) If someone wants to send the following message: “SELLALL” using your public key, what strings of digits should they send you (i.e., encrypt this message)?
- 1. We have defined a symmetric cryptography algorithm using the XOR operator. Assume our messages (before encryption) consist of only uppercase and lowercase letters, digits and blank character. In addition, assume the key size is only one byte which is an integer between 0 and 255 (inclusive). The pseudocode of the proposed encryption algorithm is as follows: Read the message // for example message=”Hi” Read the key // for example key=10 Cipher_text=[] //an empty list for i=1 to len(message): Cipher_text= Cipher_text.append(XOR(message[i],key)) Return Cipher_text Assume XOR function, takes a character and the key, then returns the result of bitwise XOR of ASCII code of the letter with the key as an (one byte) integer. For example, if message=”Hi” and key=10, then we should first calculate the ASCCI code of “H” which is 72 and find the result of (72 XOR 10) which is 66. Then the ASCCI code of “i” is 105, so the result of (105 XOR 10) is 99. Thus the Cipher_text would be…1. We have defined a symmetric cryptography algorithm using the XOR operator. Assume our messages (before encryption) consist of only uppercase and lowercase letters, digits and blank character. In addition, assume the key size is only one byte which is an integer between 0 and 255 (inclusive). The pseudocode of the proposed encryption algorithm is as follows: Read the message // for example message=”Hi” Read the key // for example key=10 Cipher_text=[] //an empty list for i=1 to len(message): Cipher_text= Cipher_text.append(XOR(message[i],key)) Return Cipher_text Assume XOR function, takes a character and the key, then returns the result of bitwise XOR of ASCII code of the letter with the key as an (one byte) integer. For example, if message=”Hi” and key=10, then we should first calculate the ASCCI code of “H” which is 72 and find the result of (72 XOR 10) which is 66. Then the ASCCI code of “i” is 105, so the result of (105 XOR 10) is 99. Thus the Cipher_text would be…A cipher suite is a choice of algorithms for key exchange, authentication and encryption to be used together in TLS. Cipher suites are specified by an abbreviation such as the following: “ADH-DES-CBC-SHA”. Search online and find one example of a cipher suite used in TLS 1.3. Write the name of the cipher suite; then, for each component, write what the abbreviation stands for and for which cryptographic task that algorithm is used in that suite.