Chemistry 10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
1 Chemical Foundations 2 Atoms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Stoichiometry 4 Types Of Chemical Reactions And Solution Stoichiometry 5 Gases 6 Thermochemistry 7 Atomic Structure And Periodicity 8 Bonding: General Concepts 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 10 Liquids And Solids 11 Properties Of Solutions 12 Chemical Kinetics 13 Chemical Equilibrium 14 Acids And Bases 15 Acid-base Equilibria 16 Solubility And Complex Ion Equilibria 17 Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy 18 Electrochemistry 19 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View 20 The Representative Elements 21 Transition Metals And Coordination Chemistry 22 Organic And Biological Molecules Chapter3: Stoichiometry
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ Problem 2RQ: Atomic masses are relative masses. What does this mean? Problem 3RQ: The atomic mass of boron (B) is given in the periodic table as 10.81, yet no single atom of boron... Problem 4RQ: What three conversion factors and in what order would you use them to convert the mass of a compound... Problem 5RQ: Fig. 5-5 illustrates a schematic diagram of a combustion device used to analyze organic compounds.... Problem 6RQ: What is the difference between the empirical and molecular formula of a compound? Can they ever be... Problem 7RQ: Consider the hypothetical reaction between A2 and AB pictured below. What is the balanced equation?... Problem 8RQ Problem 9RQ: Consider the following mixture of SO2(g) and O2(g). If SO2(g) and O2(g) react to form SO3(g), draw a... Problem 10RQ: Why is the actual yield of a reaction often less than the theoretical yield? Problem 1ALQ: The following are actual student responses to the question: Why is it necessary to balance chemical... Problem 2ALQ: What information do we get from a chemical formula? From a chemical equation? Problem 3ALQ: True or false? The atom with the largest subscript in a formula is die atom with the largest percent... Problem 4ALQ: You have a 20.0-g sample of silver metal. You are given 10.0 g of another metal and told that tills... Problem 5ALQ: You are making cookies and are missing a key ingredienteggs. You have most of the other ingredients... Problem 6ALQ: Nitrogen gas (N2) and hydrogen gas (H2) react to form ammonia gas (NH3). Consider the mixture of N2... Problem 7ALQ: For the preceding question, which of the following equations best represents the reaction? a. 6N2 +... Problem 8ALQ: You know that chemical A reacts with chemical B. You react 10.0 g A with 10.0 g B. What information... Problem 9ALQ Problem 10ALQ: Consider an iron bar on a balance as shown. As the iron bar rusts, which of the following is true?... Problem 11ALQ: You may have noticed that water sometimes drips from the exhaust of a car as it is running. Is this... Problem 12ALQ Problem 13ALQ: What is true about the chemical properties of the product? a. The properties are more like chemical... Problem 14ALQ: Is there a difference between a homogeneous mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 mole ratio and a... Problem 15ALQ: Chlorine exists mainly as two isotopes, 37Cl and 33Cl. Which is more abundant? How do you know? Problem 16ALQ: The average mass of a carbon atom is 12.011. Assuming you could pick up one carbon atom, estimate... Problem 17ALQ: Can the subscripts in a chemical formula be fractions? Explain. Can the coefficients in a balanced... Problem 18ALQ: Consider the equation 2A + B . A2B. If you mix 1.0 mole of A with 1.0 mole of B, what amount (moles)... Problem 19ALQ: According to the law of conservation of mass, mass cannot be gained or destroyed in a chemical... Problem 20ALQ: Which of the following pairs of compounds have the same empirical formula? a. acetylene, C2H2, and... Problem 21ALQ: Atoms of three different elements are represented by O, , and . Which compound is left over when... Problem 22ALQ: In chemistry, what is meant by the term mole? What is the importance of the mole concept? Problem 23ALQ: Which (if any) of the following is (are) true regarding the limiting reactant in a chemical... Problem 24ALQ: Consider the equation 3A + B C + D. You react 4 moles of A with 2 moles of B. Which of the... Problem 25Q: The atomic masses in die periodic table are relative masses and average masses. Explain. Problem 26Q: Avogadros number, molar mass, and the chemical formula of a compound are three useful conversion... Problem 27Q: If you had a mole of U.S. dollar bills and equally distributed the money to all of the people of the... Problem 28Q Problem 29Q: Which of the following compounds have the same empirical formulas? a. b. c. d. Problem 30Q: What is the difference between the molar mass and the empirical formula mass of a compound? When are... Problem 31Q: How is the mass percent of elements in a compound different for a 1.0-g sample versus a 100.-g... Problem 32Q: A balanced chemical equation contains a large amount of information. What information is given in a... Problem 33Q Problem 34Q: Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas react to form water, and this reaction can be depicted as follows:... Problem 35Q: What is the theoretical yield for a reaction, and how does this quantity depend on the limiting... Problem 36Q: What does it mean to say a reactant is present in excess in a process? Can the limiting reactant be... Problem 37Q: Consider the following generic reaction: A2B2 + 2C 2CB + 2A What steps and information are... Problem 38Q: Consider the following generic reaction: Y2+2XY2XY2 In a limiting reactant problem, a certain... Problem 39E: An element consists of 1.40% of an isotope with mass 203.973 u, 24.10% of an isotope with mass... Problem 40E: An element X bas five major isotopes, which are listed below along with their abundances. What is... Problem 41E: The element rhenium (Re) bas two naturally occurring isotopes, 185Re and 187Re, with an average... Problem 42E: Assume silicon has three major isotopes in nature as shown in the table below. Fill in the missing... Problem 43E: The element europium exists in nature as two isotopes: 151Eu has a mass of 150.9196 u and 153Eu has... Problem 44E: The element silver (Ag) has two naturally occurring isotopes: 109 Ag and 107Ag with a mass of... Problem 45E: The mass spectrum of bromine (Br2) consists of three peaks with the following characteristics: Mass... Problem 46E: The stable isotopes of iron arc 54Fe, 56Fe, 57Fe, and 58Fe. The mass spectrum of iron looks like the... Problem 47E: Calculate the mass of 500. atoms of iron (Fe). Problem 48E: What number of Fe atoms and what amount (moles) of Fe atoms are in 500.0 g of iron? Problem 49E: Diamond is a natural form of pure carbon. What number of atoms of carbon are in a 1.00-carat diamond... Problem 50E: Chromium (Cr) is a metal that is added to steel to improve its resistance to corrosion. Calculate... Problem 51E: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a common prescribed antidepressant. SSRIs block... Problem 52E: The Freons are a class of compounds containing carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. While they have many... Problem 53E: Calculate the molar mass of the following substances. a. b. c. (NH4)2Cr2O7 Problem 54E: Calculate the molar mass of the following substances. a. b. Ca3(PO4)2 c. Na2HPO4 Problem 55E: What amount (moles) of compound is present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in Exercise 51? Problem 56E: What amount (moles) of compound is present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in Exercise 52? Problem 57E: What mass of compound is present in 5.00 moles of each of the compounds in Exercise 5 1? Problem 58E: What mass of compound is present in 5.00 moles of each of the compounds in Exercise 52? Problem 59E Problem 60E Problem 61E: What number of molecules (or formula units) are present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in... Problem 62E: What number of molecules (or formula units) are present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in... Problem 63E: What number of atoms of nitrogen are present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in Exercise 51? Problem 64E Problem 65E: Freon- 12 (CCI2F2) is used as a refrigerant in air conditioners and as a propellant in aerosol cans.... Problem 66E: Prevacid is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The chemical formula of Prevacid... Problem 67E: What amount (moles) is represented by each of these samples? a. 150.0 g Fe2O3 b. 10.0 mg NO2 c. 1.5 ... Problem 69E: What number of atoms of nitrogen are present in 5.00 g of each of the following? a. glycine, C2H5O2N... Problem 70E: Complete the following table. Problem 71E: Ascorbic acid, or vitamin C (C6H8O6), is an essential vitamin. It cannot be stored by the body and... Problem 72E: The molecular formula of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), one of the most commonly used pain... Problem 73E: Chloral hydrate (C2H3Cl3O2) is a drug formerly used as a sedative and hypnotic. It is the compound... Problem 74E: Dimethylnitrosamine, (CH3)2N2O , is a carcinogenic (cancer-causing) substance that may be formed in... Problem 75E: Calculate the percent composition by mass of the following compounds that are important starting... Problem 76E: In 1987 the first substance to act as a superconductor at a temperature above that of liquid... Problem 77E: The percent by mass of nitrogen for a compound is found to be 46.7%. Which of the following could be... Problem 78E: Arrange the following substances in order of increasing mass percent of carbon. a. caffeine.... Problem 79E: Fungal laccase, a blue protein found in wood-rotting fungi, is 0.390% Cu by mass. 1f a fungal... Problem 80E: Hemoglobin is the protein that transports oxygen in mammals. Hemoglobin is 0.347% Fe by mass, and... Problem 81E: Express the composition of each of the following compounds as the mass percents of its elements. a.... Problem 82E: Considering your answer to Exercise 79, which type of formula, empirical or molecular, can be... Problem 83E: Give the empirical formula for each of the compounds represented below. a. b. c. d. Problem 84E: Determine the molecular formulas to which the following empirical formulas and molar masses pertain.... Problem 85E: A compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is 48.64% C and 8.16% H by mass. What is... Problem 86E: The most common form of nylon (nylon-6) is 63.68% carbon, 12.38% nitrogen, 9.80% hydrogen, and... Problem 87E: There are two binary compounds of mercury and oxygen. Heating either of them results in the... Problem 88E: A sample of urea contains 1.121 g N, 0.161 g H, 0.480 g C, and 0.640 g O. What is the empirical... Problem 89E: A compound containing only sulfur and nitrogen is 69.6% S by mass; the molar mass is 184 g/mol. What... Problem 90E: Determine the molecular formula of a compound that contains 26.7% P, 12.1% N, and 61.2% Cl, and has... Problem 91E: A compound contains 47.08% carbon, 6.59% hydrogen, and 46.33% chlorine by mass; the molar mass of... Problem 92E: Maleic acid is an organic compound composed of 41.39% C, 3.47% H, and the rest oxygen. If 0.129 mole... Problem 93E: One of the components that make up common table sugar is fructose, a compound that contains only... Problem 94E: A compound contains only C, H, and N. Combustion of 35.0 mg of the compound produces 33.5 mg CO2 and... Problem 95E: Cumene is a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen that is used in the production of acetone... Problem 96E: A compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Combustion of 10.68 mg of the compound yields... Problem 97E: Give the balanced equation for each of the following chemical reactions: a. Glucose (C6H12O6) reacts... Problem 98E: Give the balanced equation for each of the following. a. The combustion of ethanol (C2H5OH) forms... Problem 99E: A common demonstration in chemistry courses involves adding a tiny speck of manganese(IV) oxide to a... Problem 100E: Iron oxide ores, commonly a mixture of FeO and Fe2O3, are given the general formula Fe3O4. They... Problem 101E: Balance the following equations: a. Ca(OH)2(aq) + H3PO4(aq) +H2O(l) + Ca3(PO4)2(s) b. Al(OH)3(s) +... Problem 102E: Balance each of the following chemical equations. a. KO2(s) + H2O(l) KOH(aq) + O2(g) + H2O2(aq) b.... Problem 103E: Balance the following equations representing combustion reactions: a. b. c. C12H22O11 (s) + O2(g) ... Problem 104E: Balance the following equations: a. Cr(s) + S8(s) Cr2S3(s) b. NaHCO3(s)HeatNa2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(g)... Problem 105E: Silicon is produced for the chemical and electronics industries by the following reactions. Give the... Problem 106E: Glass is a mixture of several compounds, but a major constituent of most glass is calcium silicate,... Problem 107E: Phosphorus occurs naturally in the form of fluorapatite, CaF2 3Ca3(PO4)2. The dot indicates 1 part... Problem 108E: The sugar sucrose, which is present in many fruits and vegetables, reacts in the presence of certain... Problem 109E: Over the years, the thermite reaction has been used for welding railroad rails, in incendiary bombs,... Problem 110E: The reaction between potassium chlorate and red phosphorus takes place when you strike a match on a... Problem 111E: The reusable booster rockets of the U.S. space shuttle employ a mixture of aluminum and ammonium... Problem 112E: One of relatively few reactions that takes place directly between two solids at room temperature is... Problem 113E Problem 114E: a. Write die balanced equation for the combustion of isooctane (C8H18) to produce water vapor and... Problem 115E: Elixirs such as Atka-Seltzer use the reaction of sodium bicarbonate with citric acid in aqueous... Problem 116E: Aspirin (C9H8O4) is synthesized by reacting salicylic acid (C7H6O3) with acetic anhydride (C4H6O3).... Problem 117E: Bacterial digestion is an economical method of sewage treatment. The reaction is an intermediate... Problem 118E: Phosphorus can be prepared from calcium phosphate by the following reaction:... Problem 119E: Coke is an impure form of carbon that is often used in the industrial production of metals from... Problem 120E: The space shuttle environmental control system handles excess CO2 (which the astronauts breathe out;... Problem 121E: Consider the reaction between NO(g) and O2(g) represented below. What is the balanced equation for... Problem 122E: Consider the following reaction: 4NH3(g)4NO(g)+6H2O(g) If a container were to have 10 molecules of... Problem 123E: Ammonia is produced from the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen according to the following balanced... Problem 124E: Consider the following unbalanced equation: Ca3(PO4)2(s)+H2SO4(aq)CaSO4(s)+H3PO4(aq) What masses of... Problem 125E: Hydrogen peroxide is used as a cleansing agent in the treatment of cuts and abrasions for several... Problem 126E: Silver sulfadiazine bum-treating cream creates a barrier against bacterial invasion and releases... Problem 127E: Hydrogen cyanide is produced industrially from the reaction of gaseous ammonia, oxygen, and methane:... Problem 128E: Acrylonitrile C3H3N) is the starting material for many synthetic carpets and fabrics. It is produced... Problem 129E: Aluminum reacts with bromine, producing aluminum bromide: 2Al(s) + 3Br2(l) 2AlBr3(s) In a certain... Problem 130E: Hexamethylenediamine (C6H16N2) is one of the starting materials for the production of nylon. It can... Problem 131E: The reaction of ethane gas (C2H6) with chlorine gas produces C2H5Cl as its main product (along with... Problem 132E: DDT, an insecticide harmful to fish, birds, and humans, is produced by the following reaction: In a... Problem 133E: Bornite (Cu3FeS3) is a copper ore used in the production of copper. When heated, the following... Problem 134E Problem 135AE: In using a mass spectrometer, a chemist sees a peak at a mass of 30.0106. Of the choices 12C21H6,... Problem 136AE: Boron consists of two isotopes, 10B and 11B. Chlorine also has two isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl. Consider... Problem 137AE: A given sample of a xenon fluoride compound contains molecules of the type XeFn, where n is some... Problem 138AE: Aspartame is an artificial sweetener that is 160 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar) when... Problem 139AE: Anabolic steroids are performance enhancement drugs whose use has been banned from most major... Problem 140AE: In the spring of 1984, concern arose over the presence of ethylene dibromide, or EDB, in grains and... Problem 141AE: You find a compound composed only of element X and chlorine. and you know that the compound is... Problem 142AE: What mass of sodium hydroxide has the same number of oxygen atoms as 100.0 g of ammonium carbonate? Problem 143AE: The compound adrenaline contains 56.79% C, 6.56% H, 28.37% O, and 8.28% N by mass. What is the... Problem 144AE: Adipic acid is an organic compound composed of 49.31% C, 43.79% O, and the rest hydrogen. If the... Problem 145AE: Vitamin B12, cyanocobalamin, is essential for human nutrition. It is concentrated in animal tissue... Problem 146AE: Some bismuth tablets, a medication used to treat upset stomachs, contain 262 mg of bismuth... Problem 147AE: The empirical formula of styrene is CH; the molar mass of styrene is 104.14 g/mol. What number of H... Problem 148AE: Terephthalic acid is an important chemical used in the manufacture of polyesters and plasticizers.... Problem 149AE: A sample of a hydrocarbon (a compound consisting of only carbon and hydrogen) contains 2.59 1023... Problem 150AE: A binary compound between an unknown element E and hydrogen contains 91.27% E and 8.73% H by mass.... Problem 151AE: A 0.755-g sample of hydrated copper(II) sulfate CuSo4xH2O was heated carefully until it had changed... Problem 152AE: ABS plastic is a tough, hard plastic used in applications requiring shock resistance. The polymer... Problem 153AE: A sample of LSD (D-lysergic acid diethylamide, C24H30N3O) is added to some table salt (sodium... Problem 154AE: Methane (CH4) is the main component of marsh gas. Heating methane in the presence of sulfur produces... Problem 155AE: A potential fuel for rockets is a combination of B5H9 and 0 2. The two react according to the... Problem 156AE: A 0.4230-g sample of impure sodium nitrate was heated, converting all the sodium nitrate to 0.2864 g... Problem 157AE Problem 158AE: Commercial brass, an alloy of Zn and Cu, reacts with hydrochloric acid os follows:... Problem 159AE: Vitamin A has a molar mass of 286.4 g/mol and a general molecular formula of CxHyE, where E is an... Problem 160AE: You have seven closed containers, each with equal masses of chlorine gas (Cl2) . You add 10.0 g of... Problem 161AE: A substance X2Z has the composition (by mass) of 40.0% X and 60.0% Z. What is the composition (by... Problem 162CWP: Consider samples of phosphine (PH3), water (H2O), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and hydrogen fluoride... Problem 163CWP: Calculate the number of moles for each compound in the following table. Compound Mass Moles... Problem 164CWP: Arrange the following substances in order of increasing mass percent of nitrogen. a. NO b. N2O c.... Problem 165CWP: Para-cresol, a substance used as a disinfectant and in the manufacture of several herbicides, is a... Problem 166CWP: A compound with molar mass 180.1 g/mol has the following composition by mass: C 40.0% H 6.70% O... Problem 167CWP Problem 168CWP: Consider the following unbalanced chemical equation for the combustion of pentane (C5H12):... Problem 169CWP: Sulfur dioxide gas reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium sulfite and water. The unbalanced... Problem 170CP: Gallium arsenide, GaAs, has gained widespread use in semiconductor devices that convert light and... Problem 171CP: Consider the following data for three binary compounds of hydrogen and nitrogen: %H (by Mass) %N... Problem 172CP: Natural rubidium has the average mass of 85.4678 u and is composed of isotopes 85Rb (mass = 84.9117... Problem 173CP: A compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Combustion of 0.157 g of the... Problem 174CP: Nitric acid is produced commercially by the Ostwald process, represented by the following equations:... Problem 175CP: When the supply of oxygen is limited, iron metal reacts with oxygen to produce a mixture of FeO and... Problem 176CP: A 9.780-g gaseous mixture contains ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8). Complete combustion to form... Problem 177CP: Zinc and magnesium metal each reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chloride salts of the respective... Problem 178CP: A gas contains a mixture of NH3(g) and N2H4(g), both of which react with O2(g) to form NO2(g) and... Problem 179CP: Consider a gaseous binary compound with a molar mass of 62.09 g/mol. When 1.39 g of this compound is... Problem 180CP: A 2.25-g sample of scandium metal is reacted with excess hydrochloric acid to produce 0.1502 g... Problem 181CP Problem 182CP: The aspirin substitute, acetaminophen (C8H9O2N), is produced by the following three-step synthesis:... Problem 183CP: An element X forms both a dichloride (XCl2) and a tetrachloride (XC4). Treatment of 10.00 g XCl2... Problem 184CP: When M2S3(s) is heated in air, it is converted to MO2(s). A 4.000-g sample of M2S3(s) shows a... Problem 185CP: When aluminum metal is heated with an element from Group 6A of the periodic table, an ionic compound... Problem 186CP: Consider a mixture of potassium chloride and potassium nitrate that is 43.2% potassium by mass. What... Problem 187CP: Lanthanum was reacted with hydrogen in a given experiment to produce the nonstoichiomctric compound... Problem 188CP: A 1.500-g sample of a mixture containing only Cu2O and CuO was treated with hydrogen to produce... Problem 189CP: Ammonia reacts with O2 to form either NO(g) or NO2(g) according to these unbalanced equations:... Problem 190CP: You take 1.00 g of an aspirin tablet (a compound consisting solely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen),... Problem 191IP: With the advent of techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy, it is now possible to write... Problem 192IP: Tetrodotoxin is a toxic chemical found in fugu pufferfish, a popular but rare delicacy in Japan.... Problem 193IP: An iortic compound MX3 is prepared according to the following unbalanced chemical equation. M+X2MX3... Problem 194IP: The compound As2I4 is synthesized by reaction of arsenic metal with arsenic triiodide. If a solid... Problem 195MP: A 2.077-g sample of an element, which has an atomic mass between 40 and 55, reacts with oxygen to... Problem 196MP: Consider the following balanced chemical equation: A+5B3C+4D a. Equal masses of A and B are reacted.... Problem 108E: The sugar sucrose, which is present in many fruits and vegetables, reacts in the presence of certain...
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the gas that is mainly responsible for global warming (the greenhouse effect). The burning of fossil fuels is a major cause of the increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is also the end product of metabolism . Using glucose as an example of food, calculate the annual human production of CO2 in grams, assuming that each person consumes 5.0 × 10^2 grams of glucose per day. The world's population is 7.2 billion, and there are 365 days in a year.
Chemical pathways by which living things function, especially those that provide cellular energy, such as the transformation of energy from food into the energy of ATP. Metabolism also focuses on chemical pathways involving the synthesis of new biomolecules and the elimination of waste.
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