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You are an epidemiologist who hypothesizes that the rare exposure of living close to power lines by expectant mothers during pregnancy is a potential cause of premature birth, a relatively common pregnancy outcome. (Exposure = “close to power lines”; Outcome = “premature birth”).
A _____ design would be best suited for this scenario, because _____.
a)A cohort study; it is suited to rare exposures, short periods of follow-up and common outcomes
b)A case-control study; it is suited to rare exposures, short periods of follow-up and common outcomes
c)A cohort study; it will allow the epidemiologist to study multiple exposures in addition to a raw-food vegan diet
d)A case-control study; it is suited to studying a variety of outcomes in addition to premature birth
e) None of the Above
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- You conduct a case-control study in Portland pediatric clinics to evaluate the relationship between the exposure of exclusive breastfeeding for at least the first 6 months of life, and the outcome of no ear infections during the first year of life. The exposure is “exclusive breastfeeding” (as opposed to mixed feeding or formula feeding. The outcome of interest is “no ear infections during the first year of life” (as opposed to having at least one ear infection). Your study produces an OR of 0.3, relating exposure and outcome. Assuming that the 95% Confidence Interval indicates your result is statistically significant, the interpretation for the OR in your study is: A. The odds of exclusive breastfeeding among children with no ear infections during the first year of life is 0.3 times that of those with at least one ear infection during the first year of life. B.The odds of no ear infections during the first year of life among exclusively breastfed children is 0.3 times the odds…As an epidemiologist you are going to investigate the effect of lead exposure in a Baltimore neighborhood and the incidence of lead poisoning and related learning difficulties in early childhood. You start your study with a cohort of 400 babies born in 2015. At baseline none of them have any symptoms of lead poisoning, but after taking environmental samples from their homes you find that 250 of them have lead paint exposure and 150 of them do not. You follow them for 10 years and keep track of incident cases of lead poisoning based on blood samples. In 2025 you end your study and report the following: 100 of the children previously exposed to lead paint in 2015 have lead poisoning and 25 of the children that were not exposed in 2015 have lead poisoning. Calculate the cumulative incidence for the exposed and unexposed group. Calculate the relative risk between lead paint exposure and lead poisoning.34) During a cohort study of 5000 children, the occurrence of Disease X is measured over a 5-year period. On average 20 children have signs and symptoms of Disease X each day. Over the 5-year period, the diagnosis of Disease X is rendered 30,000 times. Which of the following relationships of incidence and prevalence best describes the characteristics of Disease X? a. High incidence and high prevalence, indicative of a short-duration curable disease b. High incidence but low prevalence, indicative of a chronic incurable disease c. High incidence but low prevalence, indicative of a short-duration curable disease d. Low incidence and low prevalence, not predictive of specific disease behavior e. Low incidence but high prevalence, indicative of a chronic incurable disease
- as an epidemiologist you are going to investigate the effect of lead exposure in a Baltimore neighborhood and the incidence of lead poisining and related difficulties in early childhood. You start with a cohort of 400 babies born in 2015. At baseline, none of them have any symptoms of lead poisining, but after taking envirnomental samples from their homes you find that 250 have lead paint exposure and 150 of them do not You follow them for ten years and keep track of incident cases of lead poisining based on blood samples. In 2025 you end your study and report the following: 100 of the children previously exposed to lead paint in 2015 have lead poisining and 25 of the children that were not exposed in 2015 have lead poisining. Calculate the cumulative incidence for the exposed group and the unexposed group. Calculate the relative risk between lead paint exposure and lead poisining.I. STUDY DESIGNS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY: Answer the questions subsequently. A. Suppose you want to determine whether pesticide-use can cause cancer to farmers, I want you to design a method using the longitudinal cohort study design. Your method must answer the following specific questions: a. What will be your cohort groups? Define your cohorts. b. What questions/exposures will your survey instrument contain? c. How will you gather your data? d. How will you interpret your data? e. Provide a plausible causal narrative to your “theoretical data” B. One of the most memorable epidemiologic incidents in the Philippines was the sudden food poisoning of school children in Bohol which killed 15 children while 240 others being crippled. As an epidemiologist, you are tasked to go the place and conduct an independent epidemiologic analysis using retrospective cohort study design. Design a method following this design. Your method must answer the following specific questions: a. What will be your…For each of the studies below, put an “A” if it is an example of analytic epidemiology or a “B” if is an example of descriptive epidemiology. __________ Analysis of US mortality data to determine the rates of colorectal cancer deaths for white (non-Hispanic), black (non-Hispanic) and Hispanics in 2012. __________ Analysis of survey and laboratory data to determine if individuals with a high salt diet have higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure. ______ Case-control study to determine if patients with a current diagnosis of breast cancer had ever received hormone replacement therapy. ______ Analysis of medical records to determine if diagnosis of hypertension is more or less common among adults age 65 or older compared to those younger than age 65.
- Investigators interested in understanding the relationship between mammography and breast cancer-specific mortality determine the age-adjusted mortality rates for breast cancer in each of the 50 states, as well as the percentage of women in each state who adhere to the U.S. Preventive Services guidelines for screening mammography. What type of study is this? Retrospective cohort study Ecologic study O Prospective cohort study O Case control study Cross-sectional studyCalculating Incidence versus Prevalence The picture represents 10 new cases of illness over about 15 months in a population of 20 persons. Each horizontal line represents one person. The down arrow indicates the date of onset of illness. The solid line represents the duration of illness. The up arrow and the cross represent the date of recovery and date of death, respectively. The picture New: Cases of Illness from October 1, 2004–September 30, 2005 Question: Calculate the period prevalence from October 1, 2004, to September 30, 2005. The numerator of period prevalence includes anyone who was ill any time during the period. In Figure 3.1, the first 10 persons were all ill at some time during the period.Visit the website of the National Center for Health Statistics. Spend some time studying the leading causes of death for different age groups at www.cdc. gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr56/nvsr56_05.pdf. What are the three leading causes of death for each age cohort listed? What are some of the policy implications?
- In which scenario would it be best to select a case-control study design over a retrospective cohort study design? (select one best answer) Group of answer choices a. The outcome being studied is rare b. The exposure of interest is rare c. There are multiple outcomes of interest d. When were are interested in directly calculating incidence rates e. None of the aboveA study was conducted by the NIH (National Institute for Health) with a large population that examined smoking and the occurrence of lung cancer. In the duration of the study period, 1,800 smokers developed lung cancer. In the same period, 200 nonsmokers developed lung cancer. There were 241,800 current smokers and 478,000 nonsmokers in the total study population. 1.what type study ? Study design options: Ecological, Cross-sectional, Case Control, Prospective Cohort, RetrospectiveCohort, Randomized Clinical TrialCalculating Incidence versus Prevalence The picture represents 10 new cases of illness over about 15 months in a population of 20 persons. Each horizontal line represents one person. The down arrow indicates the date of onset of illness. The solid line represents the duration of illness. The up arrow and the cross represent the date of recovery and date of death, respectively. The picture New: Cases of Illness from October 1, 2004–September 30, 2005 Question: Calculate the incidence rate from October 1, 2004, to September 30, 2005, using the midpoint population (population alive on April 1, 2005) as the denominator. Express the rate per 100 population.