5. Stokely Carmichael and Charles Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America, 1967. Black people must redefine themselves, and only they can do that. Throughout this country, vast segments of the black communities are beginning to recognize the need to assert their own definitions, to reclaim their history, their culture; to create their own sense of com- munity and togetherness. There is a growing resentment of the word “Negro,” for example, because this term is the invention of our oppressor; it is his image of us that he describes. . . . The concept of Black Power rests on a fundamental premise: Before a group can enter the open society, it must first close ranks. By this we mean that group soli- darity is necessary before a group can operate effectively from a bargaining position of strength in a pluralistic society.What does “self-determination” mean for Farmer and Carmichael and Hamilton?

5. Stokely Carmichael and Charles Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America, 1967. Black people must redefine themselves, and only they can do that. Throughout this country, vast segments of the black communities are beginning to recognize the need to assert their own definitions, to reclaim their history, their culture; to create their own sense of com- munity and togetherness. There is a growing resentment of the word “Negro,” for example, because this term is the invention of our oppressor; it is his image of us that he describes. . . . The concept of Black Power rests on a fundamental premise: Before a group can enter the open society, it must first close ranks. By this we mean that group soli- darity is necessary before a group can operate effectively from a bargaining position of strength in a pluralistic society.What does “self-determination” mean for Farmer and Carmichael and Hamilton?