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- 1. Considering a patient with severe pneumonia, resulting in impaired exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air and blood in the lungs? Would the oxygen (O2) levels in the blood be: (a) Normal (b) below normal (c) elevated 2. With respect to item #1, would the CO2 levels in the same patient’s blood be ? (a) Normal (b) below normal (c) elevated 3. With respect to item #1 and 2, assuming that other compensatory measures have not yet had time to act, what would happen to the patient’s blood considering thatCO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid? (a) have a normal pH (b) be too acidic (c) not be acidic enough (that is, be too alkaline)21. A 20% increase in which of the following would be most effective in achieving the greatest increase in oxygen content of pulmonary capillary blood in a perfectly homogeneous lung inhaling air at sea level? A) Cardiac output B) Hemoglobin concentration C) Hemoglobin P50 D) Inspired O2 concentration E) Ventilation Please explain the reasoning for each choice. I understand that other choices says its D but please tell me why it's not the other.13. Draw and label the following graphs: a) Graph the effect of ventilation on arterial PCO2. b) Graph the effect of ventilation on arterial PO2. c) Graph the changes in PO2 in the trachea during one respiratory cycle. The Y-axis should include accurate numerical values.
- 14. During an experiment, type II pneumocytes are found to produce a phospholipid-protein mixture that decreases alveolar surface tension. This decrease is most likely to have which of the following effects? A) Decreased alveolar Pco₂ B) Decreased compliance C) Decreased oxygen diffusing capacity D) Increased alveolar Pc02 E) Increased compliance F) Increased oxygen diffusing capacity:) B- Explain how feed-back mechanism control respiratory rats when a person is at rest and when a person is exercising. What kind of feed-back?38. Describe which way carbon dioxide diffuses between the blood of the systemic capillaries and the body cells (internal respiration = tissue gas exchange). Explain why.
- 13. Explain WHY in terms of the brainstem respiratory center, chemoreceptors and what they are most sensitive to.x The Bohr effect describes the impact of changes in serum pH and CO2 concentrations on the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin. This effect is physiologically important because it allows the body to adapt to changing conditions and provide enough oxygen to different types of tissues. **Plot the curves of hemoglobin oxygen saturation for patients in conditions of acidosis (serum pH below 7.34) and alkalosis (serum pH higher than 7.45) and compare it to the one in normal conditions. ** **When tissues, such as muscle tissue, are performing large amounts of strenuous activity the increase in metabolic activity produces CO2 as waste. Once in the bloodstream the enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds up the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate and protons. How does this affect the release of oxygen to the tissues?** **2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is an allosteric inhibitor of oxygen binding to hemoglobin. Acclimatization to high altitude involves numerous physiological and biochemical changes,…2. Identify three ways diffusion rates are facilitated across alveoli and into the blood and explain how it increases diffusion rates.
- A low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. This is an example of the ________. Haldane effect Bohr effect Daltons law Henrys lawExplain how a puncture to the thoracic cavity (from a knife wound, for instance) could alter the ability to inhale.12a. What happens to the rate of blood flow through the lungs when cardiac output goes up (as in during exercise)? Why? 12b. What happens to the rate of oxygen being picked up under these circumstances?