Explain The Relationship Between Metabolism And Metabolism

The substrate is the reactant that an enzyme acts upon as it catalyzes a chemical reaction. (Giuseppe, M 2002, p. 69). The substrate is bound to a specific site on the enzyme and only

In contrast, there are four metabolic stages happened in cellular respiration, which are the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, in which catabolism is begun by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Two molecules of ATP are produced too. Some of they either enter the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) or the electron transport chain, or go into lactic acid cycle if there is not enough oxygen, which produces lactic acid. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, which completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate into carbon dioxide. The citric acid cycle produced some more ATPs and other molecules called NADPH and FADPH. After this, electrons are passed to the electron transport chain through

For enzymes to be useful in a reaction, the substrate needs to bind with the enzymes active site. The active site is specific for a

Enzymes are essentially proteins and will only act in an aqueous environment. An enzyme is specific for a certain reaction or

Fermentation is a metabolic process converting sugar to acids, gases or alcohol.  It occurs in yeast and bacteria, but also in oxygen-starved human muscle

Oxidation of NADH and FADH2to H2O (and NAD or FAD). Generates H ion concentration gradient and therefore ATP.

Cellular respiration is an ATP-producing catabolic process in which the ultimate electron acceptor is an

8. If an enzyme is present, it also lowers the activation energy needed to get the reaction started.

• Enzymes bind to a substrate (anything that needs to be changed into something else [molecule, protein etc.])

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts during a biochemical process. Catalysts are non-changing enzymes that can increase or decrease activation energy to accelerate or slow down a biochemical reaction without using additional energy.

Glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle, however, this stage does require oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria. During the Krebs cycle, pyuvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. This begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondria. As the cycle continues, citric acid is broken down into a 4-carbon molecule and more carbon dioxide is released. Then, high-energy electrons are passed to electron carriers and taken to the electron transport chain. All this produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, and 4 CO2 molecules.

Each enzyme is very specific and can only catalyze a certain reaction. The specific reaction catalyzed by an enzyme depends on the molecular structure and shape of a small area of the enzyme’s surface called the active site. The active site an attract and hold only its specific molecules. The target molecule that the enzyme attracts and acts upon is called the substrate. The substrate and the active site of the molecule must fit together very closely. Sometimes the enzyme changes its shape slightly to bring about the necessary fit.

As an enzyme-catalyzed reaction may be the main reason for a reaction to occur faster, many factors can

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts and help reactions take place. In short, enzymes reduce the energy needed for a reaction to take place, permitting a reaction to take place more easily. Some enzymes are shape specific and reduce the energy for certain reactions. Enzymes have unique folds of the amino acid chain which result in specifically shaped active sites (Frankova Fry 2013). When substrates fit in the active site of an enzyme, then it is able to catalyze the reaction. Enzyme activity is affected by the concentrations of the enzymes and substrate present (Worthington 2010). As the incidence of enzyme increases, the rate of reaction increases. Additionally, as the incidence of substrate increases so does the rate of reaction.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two different types of processes that create energy. Cellular Respiration is “the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP (Tortora and Derrickson, 2011, p. 1027).” This process occurs in all living organisms. In comparison, Photosynthesis is “the conversion of sunlight into a chemical form of energy. In the cyanobacteria, the process takes place in special thylakoid membranes, which contain chlorophyll or chlorophyll-like pigments. Among eukaryotes, photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of such organisms as diatoms, dinoflagellates and green algae. (Pommerville, 2014, p. 185)”.