Foundations in Microbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781259705212
Author: Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess Instructor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 8.L2, Problem 1CT
1. Use the following graph to diagram the energetics of a
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1. Which of the following terms best describes the progress of the reaction with respect to free energy change?
4. a. What is the abbreviated name for the molecule below? (3 letters)
What is the abbreviated name of this molecule if it has two phosphates?
is the abbreviated name of this molecule if it has one phosphate?
answers above, circle the form of the molecule that has the most energy.
What type of energy is in this molecule? circle all that apply:(KINETIC / POTENTIAL /
CHEMICAL) Where is the energy?
b. Identify the three main parts of this molecule. (write on the red brackets i-iii)
c. Parts ii and iii together make
i.
NH₂
N
Bas
OH OH
ii
d. This molecule is also a monomer building block of which biomolecule
(be specific) The general name for this type of monomer is a
e. Put arrows by the two high energy bonds on the molecule above.
Explain why these functional groups are difficult to join.
HO
1.
OH ОН
ОН
(blue vertical bracket)
What
On your
f. Compared to "low energy" bonds,
high energy bonds require circle one: (MORE / LESS/ the SAME amount of) energy to make;
high energy bonds release…
Use the following graph to diagram the energetics of a chemicalreaction, with and without an enzyme. Be sure to position reactantsand products at appropriate points and to indicate the stages in thereaction and the energy levels.
Chapter 8 Solutions
Foundations in Microbiology
Ch. 8.1 - 1. Define metabolism and differentiate its two...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 2ELOCh. 8.1 - 3. outline the prominent characteristics of...Ch. 8.1 - 4. Explain how enzymes lower the energy required...Ch. 8.1 - 5. Discuss enzyme structure, and interactions...Ch. 8.1 - 6. Describe the types of enzyme functions and...Ch. 8.1 - 7. Summarize key features of enzyme regulation.Ch. 8.1 - 1. Differentiate between catabolism and anabolism...Ch. 8.1 - 2. Describe 10 important biochemical properties of...Ch. 8.1 - 3. Describe the chemistry of enzymes, and explain...
Ch. 8.1 - 4. Show diagrammatically the interaction of...Ch. 8.1 - 5. Differentiate among the chemical composition...Ch. 8.1 - 6. Summarize the direct and indirect controls that...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 8ELOCh. 8.2 - 9. Describe biological oxidation-reduction and...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 10ELOCh. 8.2 - 7. Explain how oxidation of a substrate proceeds...Ch. 8.2 - 8. Refer to the blue redox equation for...Ch. 8.2 - 9. In the following redox pairs, which compound is...Ch. 8.2 - 10. a. Describe the roles played by ATP and NAD+...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 11CYPCh. 8.2 - 12. What is meant by the concept of the “final...Ch. 8.3 - 11. Relate the main points of bioenergetics and...Ch. 8.3 - 12. Describe the main catabolic pathways and their...Ch. 8.3 - 13. Define glycolysis and explain its input and...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 14ELOCh. 8.3 - 15. Describe the components of the respiratory...Ch. 8.3 - 16. Explain the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP...Ch. 8.3 - 17. Summarize the results of aerobic respiration.Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 18ELOCh. 8.3 - 13. Describe the basic energy strategies of...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 14CYPCh. 8.3 - 15. Outline the basic steps in glycolysis,...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 16CYPCh. 8.3 - 17. What is the fate of NADH in a fermentative...Ch. 8.3 - 18. Summarize the chemiosmotic theory of ATP...Ch. 8.3 - 19. Haw many ATPs could theoretically be formed...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 20CYPCh. 8.3 - 21. Name the sources of oxygen in bacteria that...Ch. 8.3 - 22. What are the final electron acceptors in...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 23CYPCh. 8.4 - 19. Explain what is meant by the term fermentation...Ch. 8.4 - 20. Describe some of the processes of fermentation...Ch. 8.4 - 24. What adaptive advantages does a fermentative...Ch. 8.4 - 25. Describe three patterns of fermentation...Ch. 8.5 - 21. Explain how cells perform anabolic functions...Ch. 8.5 - 22. Identify major pathways where molecules can be...Ch. 8.5 - 23. Briefly describe several mechanisms in...Ch. 8.5 - 26. What is meant by amphibolism, and what are its...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 27CYPCh. 8.5 - 28. Which macromolecules are synthesized by...Ch. 8.6 - 24. Outline the general reactions of...Ch. 8.6 - 25. Describe the pigment systems and how they...Ch. 8.6 - 26. Describe the main events in the...Ch. 8.6 - 27. Describe the main events in the...Ch. 8.6 - 29. Indicate whether each of the following is...Ch. 8.6 - Prob. 30CYPCh. 8.6 - 31. What are the functions of chlorophyll and the...Ch. 8.6 - Prob. 32CYPCh. 8.6 - 33. Compare oxygenic with nonoxygenic...Ch. 8.L1 - 1. ______ is another term for biosynthesis. a....Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 2MCQCh. 8.L1 - 3. An enzyme ___________ the activation energy...Ch. 8.L1 - 4. An enzyme a. becomes part of the final products...Ch. 8.L1 - 5. An apoenzyme is where the ___________ is...Ch. 8.L1 - 6. Many coenzymes contain a. metals b. vitamins c....Ch. 8.L1 - 7. To digest cellulose in its environment, a...Ch. 8.L1 - 8. Energy in biological systems is primarily a....Ch. 8.L1 - 9. Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic...Ch. 8.L1 - 10. Exergonic reactions a. release potential...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 11MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 12MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 13MCQCh. 8.L1 - 14. Fermentation of a glucose molecule has the...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 15MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 16MCQCh. 8.L1 - 17. The FADH2 formed during the Krebs cycle enters...Ch. 8.L1 - 18. The proton motive force is the result of a....Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 19MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 20MCQCh. 8.L1 - 21. The oxygen produced by photosynthesis comes...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 22MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 1CSRCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 2CSRCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 3CSRCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 1WCCh. 8.L1 - 2. Give the general name of the enzyme a. converts...Ch. 8.L1 - 3. Explain what is unique about the actions of ATP...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 4WCCh. 8.L1 - 5. Describe four requirements required for...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 6WCCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 7WCCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 8WCCh. 8.L2 - 1. Use the following graph to diagram the...Ch. 8.L2 - 2. Explain what is meant by the “biochemical...Ch. 8.L2 - 3. Explain how it is possible for certain microbes...Ch. 8.L2 - 4. Suggest the advantages of having metabolic...Ch. 8.L2 - 5. Two steps in glycolysis are catalyzed by...Ch. 8.L2 - 6. Beer production requires an early period of...Ch. 8.L2 - 7. What would be the expected pHs of the matrix...Ch. 8.L2 - 8. At which site in the mitochondrion and...Ch. 8.L2 - Prob. 9CTCh. 8.L2 - Prob. 10CTCh. 8.L2 - 1. From chapter 7. figure 7.11 (reproduced below)....Ch. 8.L2 - 2. Look at the two figure parts (a) and (b) from...
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- 2. Draw a graph showing a downhill (spontaneous) reaction, that requires some activation energy to get it going. Then draw and clearly label on the graph b. The activation energy for the reaction (use a bracket to indicate the upper and lower limits) c. The free energy change for the reactions (use a bracket to indicate the upper and lower limits) d. How an enzyme will change the energetics of the reaction. I suggest you use a dotted line for the enzyme.arrow_forward8). Which statement best describes 1 point the enzyme represented in the graphs? O 10 20 30 40 50 60 O 2 4 6 10 12 Temperature ("C) PH (1) This enzyme works best at a temperature of 50°C and a pH of 12. (2) Temperature and pH have no effect on the action of this enzyme. (3) This enzyme works best at a temperature above 50°C and a pH above 12. (4) This enzyme works best at a temperature of 35°C and a pH of 8. Relative Rate of Enzyme Action Relative Rate of Enzyme Actionarrow_forward1. Match the following words with their definitions. Product Active site Enzymes Catalyst Substrate Activation energy a. amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur b. substances that bring about a chemical reaction without being changed itself c. substances that enzymes act upon d. regions on the surface of enzymes that fit the substrate e. substance formed from the substrate at the end of the chemical reaction with an enzyme f. proteins that speed up a chemical reactionarrow_forward
- 1. a. What is the abbreviated name for the molecule below? (3 letters) What is the abbreviated name of this molecule if it has two phosphates? What is the abbreviated name of this molecule if it has one phosphate? From your answers above, circle the form of the molecule that has the most energy. What type of energy is this? circle all that apply: (KINETIC / POTENTIAL / CHEMICAL) Where is the energy? b. Identify the three main parts of this molecule. (write on the red brackets i-iii) c. Parts ii and ii together make (blue vertical bracket) ii. NH2 НО-Р ОН ОН ОН ОН ОН iii d. What is the specific name for this molecule? e. This molecule is also a monomer building block of which biomolecule (be specific) The general name for this type of monomer is 2. a. Put arrows by the two high energy bonds on the molecule above. Explain why these functional groups are difficult to join. (hint: these are acids. Circle the H that will be donated at cellular pH). (MORE / LESS/ the SAME amount of) energy…arrow_forward4. Consider the reaction: OH CH H3C O C H₂ a. What kind of reaction is being performed here? H3C C H₂ b. What enzyme performs this reaction? c. What cofactors, if any, are required for this reaction?arrow_forward7. Which of the following statements is true about enzyme-catalyzed reactions? The reaction is faster than the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme b. The free energy change of the reaction is opposite from the reaction without the enzyme The reaction always goes in the direction toward chemical equilibrium d. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions require energy to activate the enzyme e. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions release more free energy than noncatalyzed reactions The following questions are based on the reaction A+B C+D Free Energy- A+B Progress of the Reaction C.Darrow_forward
- In a transition state diagram, which of the following are features of the transition state (TS)? There may be more than one correct answer, select all that apply. The change in energy in ground state to the transition state represents the Gibbs Free Energy If the reaction is reversible, the TS will only progress forward to form products The TS occupies a trough The TS is associated with the highest energy The TS occupies the highest peakarrow_forward4. Using a fluorescent model substrate, you study the kinetics of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. You observe the below data. Write an equation describing reaction velocity (v) versus [S]. Define and provide a numerical value for any constants that you include in your equation. 16 14 12 4 2 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 [S] / mM `N' at 50 mM and observe the following In pilot experiments, you add the putative inhibitor imidazole Doesn't affect anything 1 reaction velocities: [S] = 1 mM5 µM min-1 [S] = 2 mM9 9 µM min-1 [S] = 4 mM 911 µM min-1 Is imidazole a competitive or non-competitive inhibitor? Provide a brief explanation. > 9 00 v/ µM min-arrow_forward1. Below is a plot that shows the relative activity of a particular enzyme at various Answer the following questions about this graph. temperatures. Enzyme activity → 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Temperature (°C). A. Why does the enzyme's activity increase between 10°C and 37°C? ( B. Why does the enzyme's activity decrease sharply after the temperature is raised above 37°C?(arrow_forward
- 8. What enzyme breaks peptide bonds which occur to the carboxyl terminal side of aromatic amino acids? Relate the pH profile of this enzyme to its catalytic mechanism. HINT: Draw out the pH profile and initial steps of the mechanism for this enzyme.arrow_forward45. Which of the following is/are true? (MARK ALL THAT APPLY) Group of answer choices Enzymes lower the activation energy of the reaction Enzymes bind more strongly to the substrates than the transition state of the reaction Enzymes alter the standard free energy of the reaction. Enzymes force reactions to proceed in only one direction. Enzymes alter the equilibrium of the reaction. PreviousNextarrow_forward1 The Asp residue with a pka = 6 is found in the active site of an enzyme. This residue acts as an acid catalyst. Assuming that the enzyme is stable at a wide range of PH and that the Aspartic acid residue is the only ionizable residue in the active site, please draw the curve of enzyme activity versus pH on the graph below and explain the shape of your curve. (10 points) 100 % enzyme activity 75 50 25 3 LO 5 7 pH T 9 11arrow_forward
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