Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 8.5, Problem 1BC
Look ahead to Figures 13.9 and, in particular, 13.10. Certain mutations alter the structure of the Ras protein so if will not hydrolyze GTR Such mutations cause cancer. Explain why.
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We have studied Ras signal transduction pathway. In an experiment, two different mutations were produced using different chemicals. The proteins with mutation are listed below. State what will be the effect of each mutation and explain whether it will result in cell proliferation or not.
GEF protein
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6) The functioning of the "Ras/MAPK" signal transduction pathway is absolutely essential in
order for cells to grow, divide, and migrate.
One important protein that is part of this pathway is BRAF. This protein is a kind of enzyme
called a "kinase" – an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group onto another protein.
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In some melanomas, a mutated form of BRAF called BRAF Val600AGlu drives the progression
of the cancer. The drug “vemurafenib" slows the progression of the cancer by slowing the
production of the mutant BRAF protein. (National Cancer Institute. 2019. Types of Cancer Treatment.
Retrieved from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/
Is this an example of a traditional cancer therapy or a targeted therapy? Briefly explain your
reasoning in the space provided, using information provided in the text to support your answer.
Type of therapy (traditional or targeted)?:
Brief explanation:
19
5) Briefly explain why the formation of a tumour can pose a risk to a person's homeostasis.
6) The functioning of the "Ras/MAPK" signal transduction pathway is absolutely essential in
order for cells to grow, divide, and migrate.
One important protein that is part of this pathway is BRAF. This protein is a kind of enzyme
called a "kinase" – an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group onto another protein.
In some melanomas, a mutated form of BRAF called BRAF Val600AGlu drives the progression
of the cancer. The drug "vemurafenib" slows the progression of the cancer by slowing the
production of the mutant BRAF protein. (National Cancer Institute. 2019. Types of Cancer Treatment.
Retrieved from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/
Is this an example of a traditional cancer therapy or a targeted therapy? Briefly explain your
reasoning in the space provided, using information provided in the text to support your answer.
Type of therapy (traditional or targeted)?:
Brief…
Chapter 8 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 8.1 - What is the signaling molecule in this example?Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 8.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 8.1 - A general reason for cell signaling is to respond...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 8.1 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 8.2 - Prob. 1BCCh. 8.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 8.2 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 8.3 - Prob. 1CC
Ch. 8.3 - What has to happen for the a and subunits of the...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 8.3 - After a G-protein-coupled receptor is activated,...Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 8.5 - Look ahead to Figures 13.9 and, in particular,...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 8.5 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 8.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 8.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 8.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 8.6 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 8.6 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 8 - Prob. 1TYCh. 8 - Prob. 2TYCh. 8 - Prob. 3TYCh. 8 - Prob. 4TYCh. 8 - Which of the following is not an example of a cell...Ch. 8 - Prob. 6TYCh. 8 - The EGF receptor functions as a receptor tyrosine...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8TYCh. 8 - Prob. 9TYCh. 8 - The benefit of second messengers in signal...Ch. 8 - Prob. 1CCQCh. 8 - Prob. 2CCQCh. 8 - Prob. 3CCQCh. 8 - Discuss and compare several different types of...Ch. 8 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- Which of the following mutations would produce a form of the Ras protein that would be more difficult to inactivate than normal Ras? Briefly explain your reasoning.(i) A mutation that allows Ras to cleave (hydrolyze) GTP more rapidly than usual(ii) A mutation that causes Ras to bind Ras-GAP more tightly than usual(iii) A mutation that causes Ras to cleave (hydrolyze) GTP more slowly than usualarrow_forwardAberrant signaling through the Ras-BRaf-MAPK signal transduction pathway drives many cancers. This makes the pathway an attractive drug target, and many small molecules have been developed that target either Ras, BRaf or MAPK. In malignant melanoma, one mutation in particular, where valine 600 of Braf is mutated to a glutamic acid (V600E), is found in the majority of cases. This mutation makes BRaf activation independent of upstream Ras activity. Would a small molecule that targets Ras be effective in a melanoma case driven by Braf V600E? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardBriefly describe the following properties of the Ras GTPases: a) Size, structure and cellular localization (for structure I want to know if they are lipidated and any other unique features) , b) How are they activated and inactivated (i.e. include the GEFs and GAPs), c). Give an example of downstream effector proteins, d). Are they or could they be involved in human cancer.arrow_forward
- Which of the following defects in RAS would be tumorigenic? multiple answers A. Deletion of nucleotide binding domain B. Inactivation of Guanine Exchange Factor (GEF) C. Mutation at amino acid 61 that prevents hydrolysis of bound GTP D. Inactivation of GTPase Protein (GAPS) E. Mutation that prevents binding of GTParrow_forwardList the three 'effector' signaling pathways activated by the Ras protein.arrow_forwardFigure 9.10 In certain cancers, the GTPase activity of the RAS G-protein is inhibited. This means that the RAS protein can no longer hydrolyze GTP into GDP What effect would this have on downstream cellular events?arrow_forward
- A mutation in the Ras protein renders Ras constitutively active (RasD). What is constitutive activation?arrow_forwardWe saw that most cancer mutations in the ras/mapk pathway occur upstream of mapk rather than in mapk itself. what might be a reason for that?arrow_forward14)How does a compound that inhibits the GTPase activity of ras affect cell responses to growth factors? It would increase proliferation. It would increase glucose production. It would decrease glucose production. It would decrease proliferation.arrow_forward
- Describe the various post-translational modifications of HIF- 1alpha and how it affects the regulation of HIF-1al pha signaling. How might HIF- alpha alter the tumor microenvironment to promote tumor growth? Propose a strategy to prevent HIF-alpha signaling in the TME. What do you think would happen in a transgenic mouse with a total knockout of HIF-alpha?arrow_forwardThe PYK gene codes for the expression of pyruvate kinase, which is one of the enzymestargeted for anti-cancer drug design. You have identified an RNAi that targets the mRNAof PYK gene. To study the effect of the RNAi towards pyruvate kinase, the respected RNAiis expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The level of pyruvate kinase can be detectedwith a fluorescent antibody.(a). Predict the result that you will obtain in recombinant S. cerevisiae that expresses therespected RNAi.(b). Compare the result in Q3a(i) with the wild-type S. cerevisiae.arrow_forwardDo you think there are more unique alleles of p53 that lead to cancer or more unique alleles of Ras that lead to cancer? Please explain.arrow_forward
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