Microeconomic Theory
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781337517942
Author: NICHOLSON
Publisher: Cengage
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A 2015 report by the music industry estimated the revenue lost to the industry every yearfrom illegal downloading. In this problem we will derive some of the estimates that may havegone into their calculation (approximately).First, start with the individual consumer’s problem. Suppose a typical consumer has a yearlyentertainment budget of I that they can allocate between music downloads (D) and otherforms of entertainment (E). Consumer preferences are characterized by a utility functionU(D, E).
a.) Write an expression for the consumer’s budget constraint as a function of their entertainment budget and the prices of music downloads (Pd ) and other entertainment (Pe).
(b) Write the consumer’s constrained optimization problem in Lagrangian form. (Note: Youdo not need to solve it or derive first order conditions.)
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- he Calculus of Utility Maximization and Expenditure Minimization -End of Appendix Problem uppose that there are two goods, X and Y. The price of X is $2 per unit, and the price of Y is $1 per unit. There are two onsumers, A and B. The utility functions for the consumers are UA(X,Y)= X05.05 UB(X,Y)= X0.8y0.2 Consumer A has an income of $100, and Consumer B has an income of $300. Using Lagrangians, solve for the optimal bundles of goods X and Y for both consumers A and B. a. The optimal bundle for consumer A is X = 25 and Y* = 50 - b. The optimal bundle for consumer B is X = 120 and Y* = 60arrow_forward1. For each of the following scaling functions for a von Neumann-Morgenstern utility func- tion, determine the Marginal Rate of Substitution between X1 and X2 and the equation for an indifference curve through the consumption bundle (100,100) (solve for X2 on the left hand side of the equation). State 1 is the bad outcome that occurs with probability 0.2 and State 2 the good outcome that occurs with probability 0.8. Graph these indif- ference curves and comment on what you see. Is a consumer with these preferences risk averse, risk neutral, or risk loving? (a) V(X) = InX (b) V(X)= VX (c) V(X)= X (d) V(X)= X²arrow_forwardayesha derives utility from travelling and outdoor dinning o weekends as given utility function U(t,d)=TD.the price of a day spent travelling is $160{Pt=160} and price of dining outdoor $200{Pd=200}.ayesha annual budget for this is $8000. find ayesha's utility maximizing choice of days travelling and dining outside. and alsoo find uutility level from consuming that bundles .show findings graphicallyarrow_forward
- 1. A standard model of choice under risk is Expected Utility Theory (EUT) in which preferences over lotteries that pay monetary prizes (x₁, x2, ..., xs) with probabilities (P1, P2, ..., Ps) with Eps = 1 are represented by the function L S (a) What does it mean to say that a function represents the consumer's prefer- ences? Σpsu(xs) Choice 1 8=1 (b) State and briefly comment on the axioms required for the EUT representation. (c) Consider the following experiment of decision making under risk in which sub- jects are asked which lottery they prefer in each of the following two choices: Lottery B 0 with prob. 0.01 10 with prob. 0.89 50 with prob. 0.10 Lottery D Choice 2 Lottery A 0 with prob. 0 10 with prob. 1 50 with prob. 0 Lottery C 0 with prob. 0.90 10 with prob. 0 50 with prob. 0.10 Suppose that the modal responses are Lottery A in Choice 1 and Lottery D in Choice 2. Assume that utility of zero is equal to zero and illustrate why it is not possible to reconcile these experimental…arrow_forwardThe Foundations of Behavioral Economic Analysis Consider the following property of choice correspondence : Show that maximization of complete and transitive preference satisfies β-axiom. I need this ASAParrow_forwardOnly typed answer Oscar makes purchases of an existing product (X) such that the marginal utility of the last unit he consumes is 10 utils and the price is $5. He also tries a new product (Y) and the marginal utility of the last unit he consumes is 8 utils and the price is $1. The equal marginal principle suggests that Oscar should Multiple Choice increase his consumption of product X and decrease his consumption of product Y. increasearrow_forward
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- In class discussions about uncertainty we assumed that the utility levels in each state of nature depends on c, which we might interpret as some aggregate con- sumption and we expressed utility as U(c). Now, let's extend this to a case where the utility level depends on consumption of two goods (this was the type of utility we used mainly in this course). Ben is a farmer who grows wheat and barley. However, his harvest is uncertain. If weather is good, he gets 200 lbs of wheat and 200 lbs of barley. If weather is bad, he gets only 100 lbs of wheat and 100 lbs of barley. His utility in each state of nature is U(w, b) = w¹/4b³/4, where w and b represent his consumption of wheat and barley, respectively. Prices of wheat and barley are $1 in both state of nature. The probability of good weather is T. Question 3 Part a Express Ben's expected utility function. (Hint: find Ben's optimal consumption in each state of nature first) Question 3 Part b Let's assume = 0.5. Knowing that bad weather…arrow_forwardIn class discussions about uncertainty we assumed that the utility levels in each state of nature depends on c, which we might interpret as some aggregate con- sumption and we expressed utility as U(c). Now, let's extend this to a case where the utility level depends on consumption of two goods (this was the type of utility we used mainly in this course). Ben is a farmer who grows wheat and barley. However, his harvest is uncertain. If weather is good, he gets 200 lbs of wheat and 200 lbs of barley. If weather is bad, he gets only 100 lbs of wheat and 100 lbs of barley. His utility in each state of nature is U(w, b) = w¹/46³/4, where w and b represent his consumption of wheat and barley, respectively. Prices of wheat and barley are $1 in both state of nature. The probability of good weather is π. Question 3 Part a Express Ben's expected utility function. (Hint: find Ben's optimal consumption in each state of nature first) Question 3 Part b Let's assume π = 0.5. Knowing that bad weather…arrow_forwardIf Utility=.5lnX+3Z+10+4VW then Marginal utility from X is...... and the Mu of Z is...... Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a b с 10; 3 3,4 5/X; 3 d 2/VW; 3arrow_forward
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