Essential University Physics (3rd Edition)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134202709
Author: Richard Wolfson
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 19.4, Problem 19.4GI
In each of the following processes, does the entropy of the named system alone increase, decrease, or stay the same? (1) a balloon deflates; (2) cells differentiate in a growing embryo, forming different physiological structures; (3) an animal dies, and its remains gradually decay; (4) an earthquake demolishes a building; (5) a plant utilizes sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to manufacture sugar; (6) a power plant burns coal and produces electrical energy; (7) a car’s friction-based brakes stop the ear
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Your last exam is done and you have a two week break before the next semester starts. You look around and see that your room is a mess. You haven't had the time to pick up after yourself the last few days. As you start putting all your stuff in their proper places you wonder,
"Am I not creating order from disorder? Didn't the Second Law of Thermodynamics just tell me that any process that reduces the Entropy (Disorder) of the Universe is forbidden? But I create order from disorder every time I clean my room!"
Did you just break the Second Law of Thermodynamics or can you explain why your actions (cleaning your room) does not violate the Second Law? Argue your case is a few sentences.
------
Energy transfers take place constantly in everyday activities. Think of two scenarios: cooking on a stove and driving. Explain how the second law of thermodynamics applies to these two scenarios.
You observe a grasshopper eating a blade of grass. You know that each blade of grass contains 100 units of energy. You then measure the energy level of the grasshopper using a fancy device. You notice that the grasshopper only has 20 units of Energy after eating two blades of grass. Based on what you have learned about thermodynamics, where did the rest of the energy go?
Chapter 19 Solutions
Essential University Physics (3rd Edition)
Ch. 19.1 - Which of these processes is irreversible? (a)...Ch. 19.2 - The low temperature for a practical heat engine is...Ch. 19.3 - A clever engineer decides to increase the...Ch. 19.4 - In each of the following processes, does the...Ch. 19 - Could you cool the kitchen by leaving the...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2FTDCh. 19 - Should a car get better mileage in the summer or...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4FTDCh. 19 - Name some irreversible processes that occur in a...Ch. 19 - Your power company claims that electric heat is...
Ch. 19 - A hydroelectric power plant, using the energy of...Ch. 19 - A heat-pump manufacturer claims the device will...Ch. 19 - Prob. 9FTDCh. 19 - The heat Q added during adiabatic free expansion...Ch. 19 - Energy is conserved, so why cant we recycle it as...Ch. 19 - Why doesnt the evolution of human civilization...Ch. 19 - What are the efficiencies of reversible heat...Ch. 19 - A cosmic heat engine might operate between the...Ch. 19 - A reversible Carnot engine operating between...Ch. 19 - A Carnot engine absorbs 900 J of heat each cycle...Ch. 19 - Find the COP of a reversible refrigerator...Ch. 19 - Prob. 18ECh. 19 - The human body can be 25% efficient at converting...Ch. 19 - Calculate the entropy change associated with...Ch. 19 - You metabolize a 650-kcal burger at your 37C body...Ch. 19 - You heat 250 g of water from 10C to 95C. By how...Ch. 19 - Melting a block of lead already at its melting...Ch. 19 - How much energy becomes unavailable for work in an...Ch. 19 - Prob. 25ECh. 19 - A Carnot engine extracts 745 J from a 592-K...Ch. 19 - The maximum steam temperature in a nuclear power...Ch. 19 - Youre engineering an energy-efficient house that...Ch. 19 - A power plants electrical output is 750 MW....Ch. 19 - A power plant extracts energy from steam at 280C...Ch. 19 - The electric power output of all the thermal...Ch. 19 - Consider a Carnot engine operating between...Ch. 19 - An industrial freezer operates between 0C and 32C,...Ch. 19 - Use appropriate energy-flow diagrams to analyze...Ch. 19 - Prob. 35PCh. 19 - A refrigerator maintains an interior temperature...Ch. 19 - You operate a store thats heated by an oil furnace...Ch. 19 - Use energy-flow diagrams to show that the...Ch. 19 - A heat pump extracts energy from groundwater at...Ch. 19 - A reversible engine contains 0.350 mol of ideal...Ch. 19 - (a) Determine the efficiency for the cycle shown...Ch. 19 - A 0.20-mol sample of an ideal gas goes through the...Ch. 19 - A shallow pond contains 94 Mg of water. In winter,...Ch. 19 - Estimate the rate of entropy increase associated...Ch. 19 - The temperature of n moles of ideal gas is changed...Ch. 19 - The temperature of n moles of ideal gas is changed...Ch. 19 - A 6.36-mol sample of ideal diatomic gas is at 1.00...Ch. 19 - A 250-g sample of water at 80C is mixed with 250 g...Ch. 19 - An ideal gas undergoes a process that takes it...Ch. 19 - In an adiabatic free expansion, 6.36 mol of ideal...Ch. 19 - Find the entropy change when a 2.4-kg aluminum pan...Ch. 19 - An engine with mechanical power output 8.5 kW...Ch. 19 - Find the change in entropy as 2.00 kg of H2O at...Ch. 19 - Gasoline engines operate approximately on the Otto...Ch. 19 - The compression ratio r of an engine is the ratio...Ch. 19 - In a diesel cycle, gas at volume V1 and pressure...Ch. 19 - (a) Show that the heal flowing into the diesel...Ch. 19 - Youre considering buying a car that comes in...Ch. 19 - The 54-M W wood-fired McNeil Generating Station in...Ch. 19 - A 500-g copper block at 80C is dropped into 1.0 kg...Ch. 19 - An objects heat capacity is inversely proportional...Ch. 19 - A Carnot engine extracts heat from a block of mass...Ch. 19 - In an alternative universe, youve got the...Ch. 19 - Youre the environmental protection officer for a...Ch. 19 - Find an expression for the entropy gain when hot...Ch. 19 - Problem 74 of Chapter 16 provided an approximate...Ch. 19 - The molar specific heat at constant pressure for a...Ch. 19 - Prob. 68PCh. 19 - Energy-efficiency specialists measure the heat Qh...Ch. 19 - Refrigerators remain among the greatest consumers...Ch. 19 - The refrigerators COP is a. 13. b. 2. c. 3. d. 4.Ch. 19 - The fuel energy consumed at the power plant to run...Ch. 19 - Prob. 73PP
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Find more solutions based on key concepts
For Questions 17 through 20, determine the tension in the rope at the point indicated with a dot.
• All objects...
College Physics: A Strategic Approach (4th Edition)
Check Your Understanding A nuclear submarine propeller has a moment of inertia of 800.0kgm2 . If the submerged ...
University Physics Volume 1
13. A 50 kg box hangs from rope. What is the tension in the rope if:
a. The box is at rest?
b. The box moves ...
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach, Vol. 1 (Chs 1-21) (4th Edition)
7. Explain the difference between science and technology Are the two fields related?
Applied Physics (11th Edition)
How have recent discoveries led scientists to modify the nebular theory? What implications do these modificatio...
Life in the Universe (4th Edition)
A thin lens has focal length +50 cm. Which of the following must be true of this lens? (a) its either double co...
Essential University Physics: Volume 2 (3rd Edition)
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, physics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Calculate the increase in entropy of the Universe when you add 20.0 g of 5.00C cream to 200 g of 60.0C coffee. Assume that the specific heats of cream and coffee are both 4.20J/g C.arrow_forward(a) What is the average metabolic rate in watts of a man who metabolizes 10,500 kJ of feed energy in one day? (b) What is the maximum amount of work in joules he can do without breaking down fat, assuming a maximum eficiency of 20.0%? (c) Compare his work output with the daily output of a 187W (0.250horsepower) motor.arrow_forwardA 1600 kg car steadily accelerates from rest to 60 mi/hr over a 2.8 second time span. How much work is done on the car. The car's mechanical efficiency is 0.20. As the car drives, it gets hotter and it also heats up its environment. If we make the (overly simplistic) assumption that the half of the thermal energy goes out to the wider environment while the car is speeding up, Hint: You can use the mechanical efficiency to find the overall chemical energy used. Using what you found in the previous problem, you can find the total thermal energy produced and from that, plus the assumption about how that energy is distributed, you can calculate the heat transfer. what is the heat transfer from the car to the environment?arrow_forward
- Describe reversible and irreversible processes. Explain how entropy is a measure of disorder.arrow_forwardA system's "entropy" is (a) the amount of work the system can do. (b) the amount of microscopic work the system can do. (c) the amount of force the system could exert. (d) the amount of thermal energy in the system. (e) the amount of microscopic disorganization in the system.arrow_forwardA growing plant creates a highly complex and organized structure out of simple materials such as air, water, and trace minerals. Does this violate the second law of thermodynamics? Why or why not? What is the plant’s ultimate source of energy? Explain.arrow_forward
- Iceland has both high geothermal activity, with high temperatures near the surface, and abundant cold surface water. Iceland has many power plants that take advantage of the proximity of these natural hot and cold reservoirs. One plant uses an underground source at 122°C as the hot reservoir and a nearby lake at 5°C as the cold reservoir. The plant draws 16 MW from the hot reservoir to produce 1.8 MW of electricity. How does the actual efficiency of the plant compare to the theoretical maximum efficiency?arrow_forwardYou use a quantity of fuel with a total energy content of 19.02 MJ to power an engine. If the average output of the engine over 2 hours was 2.12 kW, what is the efficiency of the engine?arrow_forwardAs a gasoline engine is running, an amount of gasoline containing 11,700 J of chemical potential energy is burned in 1 s. During that second, the engine does 3,900 J of work. (a) What is the engine's efficiency (in percent)? % (b) The burning gasoline has a temperature of about 4,700°F (2,900 K). The waste heat from the engine flows into air at about 82°F (301 K). What is the Carnot efficiency (in percent) of a heat engine operating between these two temperatures?arrow_forward
- On a cold day, 24500 J of heat leaks out of a house. The inside temperature is 21°C, and the outside temperature is -15°C. What is the increase in the entropy of the universe that this heat loss produces?arrow_forwardThe surface waters of tropical oceans are at a temperature of 27°C while water at a depth of 1200 m is at 3°C. It has been suggested these warm and cold waters could be the energy reservoirs for a heat engine, allowing us to do work or generate electricity from the thermal energy of the ocean. What is the maximum efficiency possible of such a heat engine?arrow_forwardA power plant produces 1 GW of electricity, at an efficiency of 40% (typical of today's coal-fired plants). Question: At what rate does this plant expel waste heat into its environmentarrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Glencoe Physics: Principles and Problems, Student...PhysicsISBN:9780078807213Author:Paul W. ZitzewitzPublisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
College PhysicsPhysicsISBN:9781938168000Author:Paul Peter Urone, Roger HinrichsPublisher:OpenStax College
Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based TextPhysicsISBN:9781133104261Author:Raymond A. Serway, John W. JewettPublisher:Cengage Learning
Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Technology ...PhysicsISBN:9781305116399Author:Raymond A. Serway, John W. JewettPublisher:Cengage Learning
An Introduction to Physical SciencePhysicsISBN:9781305079137Author:James Shipman, Jerry D. Wilson, Charles A. Higgins, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage Learning
Glencoe Physics: Principles and Problems, Student...
Physics
ISBN:9780078807213
Author:Paul W. Zitzewitz
Publisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
College Physics
Physics
ISBN:9781938168000
Author:Paul Peter Urone, Roger Hinrichs
Publisher:OpenStax College
Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text
Physics
ISBN:9781133104261
Author:Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Technology ...
Physics
ISBN:9781305116399
Author:Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett
Publisher:Cengage Learning
An Introduction to Physical Science
Physics
ISBN:9781305079137
Author:James Shipman, Jerry D. Wilson, Charles A. Higgins, Omar Torres
Publisher:Cengage Learning
The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Flow, Entropy, and Microstates; Author: Professor Dave Explains;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrwW4w2nAMc;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY