With persistent communication, a receiver generally has its own local buffer where messages can be stored when the receiver is not executing. To create such a buffer, we may need to specify its size. Give an argument why this is preferable, as well as one against specification of the size.
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- Consider a disk queue with requests for I/O to blocks on cylinders 47, 38, 121, 191, 87, 11, 92, 10. The C-LOOK scheduling algorithm is used. The head is initially at cylinder number 63, moving towards larger cylinder numbers on its servicing pass. The cylinders are numbered from 0 to 199. The total head movement (in number of cylinders) incurred while servicing these requests isOn a 32-bit processor, a baggy bounds scheme is expected to set all of the bounds table entries to 31 at initialization time. Assume that a buggy implementation with a slot size of 32 bytes performs bounds table initialization inappropriately, resulting in random entries being incorrectly set to 1. Assume that a networked server processes network messages using an uninstrumented library. Assume that this library does not include some buffer overflow bugs (i.e., it never calls unsafe functions such as gets()). However, the server suffers from the above-mentioned bounds table initialization issue, and an attacker may submit messages to the server that force the library to dynamically assign and write memory in an attacker-controlled amount using uninstrumented code that looks like this: / N is the size of the buffer that the intruder gets to choose.for (int I = 0; I N/4; i++, p += 4) char *p = malloc(N); *p = 'a'; *(p+1) = 'b'; *(p+2) = 'c'; *(p+3) = 'd'; Assume the server is using a…Write a Python script that implements the CHF (the Casual Hash Function.) The input data should be split into blocks of 32 bits. If the last block is smaller than 32 bits, the remaining bits should be filled with 1 followed by as many zeros as required. A and B are 2 buffers with specific values (see below). Each block in the message should be combined as shown in the image below. All resulting blocks (i.e. FBI) should be combined with "&" to produce the digest. The size of the digest is 64 bits. Calculate the digest for the string: "Alright, but apart from the sanitation, the medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, the fresh-water system, and public health, what have the Romans ever done for us?" steps on how are in the attached pictures
- Write a Python script that implements the CHF (the Casual Hash Function.) The input data should be split into blocks of 32 bits. If the last block is smaller than 32 bits, the remaining bits should be filled with 1 followed by as many zeros as required. A and B are 2 buffers with specific values (see below). Each block in the message should be combined as shown in the image below. All resulting blocks (i.e. FBI) should be combined with "&" to produce the digest. The size of the digest is 64 bits. Calculate the digest for the string: "Alright, but apart from the sanitation, the medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, the fresh-water system, and public health, what have the Romans ever done for us?"Consider the following augmentation of a remote-file- access protocol. Each client maintains a name cache that caches translations from file names to corresponding file handles. What issues should we take into account in implementing the name cache?One of the problems with the Internet email system is that sending forged emails is relatively straightforward, i.e., it is easy to send an email with a fake sender/from address. One solution to this problem would be for a domain’s mail servers to digitally sign any email originating from the domain. For this to be useful, the public key would need to be made available to clients to validate the signatures. It is proposed that the public keys of the mail servers will be verified and signed by a certification authority (same as SSL/TLS certificates) and distributed via a standardised URL for the domain, e.g., https://mybusiness.com/email.pubkey. (a) Explain how the client would obtain the public key and validate the email server’s digital signatures. (b) Discuss the problem of trusting the obtained public key and how this solution results in public keys that can/cannot be trusted. (c) Indicate whether you believe this approach could be used to prevent forged emails and explain why it…
- Describe the working of recursive and iterative queries in DNS. Use figures for the description. A file of F = 3 x 105 bits is distributed to N peers. The server has an upload rate of us = 1 x 105 bps. Each peer has a download rate of di = 1 x 105 bps and an upload rate of u = 30,000 bps. For N = 1 to 10, and for both client-server and P2P architectures, plot a single graph with minimum distribution time on the y-axis and N on the x-axis. Use a table to show all the values for N = 1 to 10 and use the values to plot the graph. Clearly show the calculation only for N = 1, 2, and 3. Explain at least one P2P application (BitTorrent or DHT) in detail.Consider the bitmap representation of the free-space map, where for eachblock in the file, two bits are maintained in the bitmap. If the block is between0 and 30 percent full the bits are 00, between 30 and 60 percent the bits are01, between 60 and 90 percent the bits are 10, and above 90 percent the bitsare 11. Such bitmaps can be kept in memory even for quite large files. Describe how to keep the bitmap up to date on record insertions and deletions.Consider the bitmap representation of the free-space map, where for each block in the file, two bits are maintained in the bitmap. If the block is between 0 and 30 percent full the bits are 00, between 30 and 60 percent the bits are 01, between 60 and 90 percent the bits are 10, and above 90 percent the bits are 11. Such bitmaps can be kept in memory even for quite large files. Outline two benefits and one drawback to using two bits for a block, instead of one byte as described earlier in this chapter. Describe how to keep the bitmap up to date on record insertions and deletions. c .Outline the benefit of the bitmap technique over free lists in searching for free space and in updating free space information.
- Consider the bitmap representation of the free-space map, where for eachblock in the file, two bits are maintained in the bitmap. If the block is between0 and 30 percent full the bits are 00, between 30 and 60 percent the bits are01, between 60 and 90 percent the bits are 10, and above 90 percent the bitsare 11. Such bitmaps can be kept in memory even for quite large files.a. Outline two benefits and one drawback to using two bits for a block,instead of one byte as described earlier in this chapter.b. Describe how to keep the bitmap up to date on record insertions anddeletions.c. Outline the benefit of the bitmap technique over free lists in searchingfor free space and in updating free space information.Consider the bitmap representation of the free-space map, where for eachblock in the file, two bits are maintained in the bitmap. If the block is between0 and 30 percent full the bits are 00, between 30 and 60 percent the bits are01, between 60 and 90 percent the bits are 10, and above 90 percent the bitsare 11. Such bitmaps can be kept in memory even for quite large files. Outline the benefit of the bitmap technique over free lists in searching for free space and in updating free space information.In the variable-length record representation, a null bitmap is used to indicateif an attribute has the null value. In some applications, tuples have a very large number of attributes, most of which are null. Can you modify the record representation such that the only overhead for a null attribute is the single bit in the null bitmap?