Why is Drosophila melanogaster a relevant model of substance abuse disorders? Select all that apply. Partial point deduction for incorrect choices. The fruit fly lacks dopaminergic neurons, making it a good negative model for
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Why is Drosophila melanogaster a relevant model of substance abuse disorders? Select all that apply. Partial point deduction for incorrect choices.
The fruit fly lacks dopaminergic neurons, making it a good negative model for addiction. |
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Because flies do not display dose-dependent responses to psychoactive drugs, fewer experimental treatments are needed. |
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The fruit fly has a homologous circadian clock, which can be manipulated to investigate changes in physiological responses to drugs. |
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Fruit flies are deuterostomes. |
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Several fly genes responsible for level of ethanol sensitivity have human orthologs. |
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The fruit fly also has neuropeptides secreted by brain cells that influence preference behaviors. |
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- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a reasonable option for intractable depression or schizophrenia, but a mechanism of action has not been established. One credible hypothesis is related to neural plasticity. Below is the neuronal gene expression assay for four genes after ECT, normalized with the Hamilton depression rating scale of 21 items version (HAM-D-21). Which of the following conclusion you may NOT conclude from the data? ECT may convert adult neurons into IPSCs which may divide and differentiate into healthy adult neurons Neural plasticity steadily increases with the number of ECT administration ECT seems to increase the expression of Yamanaka’s four transcription factors ECT may increase neural plasticityImagine that someone had a particularly rough childhood but does not experience many more symptoms of depression than someone who grew up in a more nurturing and stable environment. What can we likely conclude about this person? O They have two long alleles of the dopamine transporter gene O They have at least one short allele of the dopamine transporter gene O They have two short alleles of the serotonin transporter gene O They have at least one long allele of the serotonin transporter genePart 2: Please read the following scenarios. For each scenario, identify the confound and suggest how it might be removed in a follow-up experiment. McCann and Holmes (1984) tested the hypothesis that exercise reduces depression. They randomly assigned depressed undergraduate women either to an exercise condition (attending an aerobics class a couple of times a week for ten weeks) or to a relaxation training condition (the individuals relaxed at home by watching a videotape over the same period of time). Although the results showed that the exercise group reported less depression at the end of the ten-week period than did the relaxation group, why can't the researchers conclude that exercise reduces depression?
- Nootropic drug use is becoming increasingly popular among students on University campuses around the world. The most common network target(s) of these drug cocktails is (choose correct ending): increasing serotonin signaling activities in the brain increasing GABA signaling in the dopamine pathway increasing norepinephrine and increasing acetylcholine behavioral modification network activities in the brain increasing dopamine behavioral modification network activities in the brainConsider the following null hypothesis: “The amount of emergency department visits is not related to the amount of stress an individual has.” Describe type 1 and type 2 errors that could result from this null hypothesisThe amygdalae are almond shaped structures found near the hippocampus in the brain. The amygdalae are responsible for certain emotions such as fear and can trigger changes in the body in response to these emotions.The amygdalae are regulated by the structure of the brain that controls reasoning and critical thinking.The structure of the brain that regulates the amygdalae and the hormone that is released when the amygdalae sense fear are, respectively: Select one: a. Structure Hormone Parietal lobe Cortisol b. Structure Hormone Frontal lobe Cortisol c. Structure Hormone Frontal lobe Epinephrine d. Structure Hormone Parietal lobe Epinephrine
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