Which of the following are possible reasons why empirical studies do not always find evidence for adverse selection in the real world? (please choose all that apply) Insurees with higher cognitive ability (though low-risk) were more likely to purchase supplemental insurance Insurers can accurately predict customers risk Insurees misperceive their risk Risk aversion overcomes adverse selection on health risks
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- Insurance mandates do little to combat the problem of adverse selection. True FalseIn the RAND study, two plans had full coverage for spending within the hospital, but one had a $150 deductible for ambulatory care. Th e plan with the ambulatory care deductible had a lower probability of hospital admission (0.115) per year than did the plan with full coverage for everything (0.128), even though both plans covered hospital care fully. (See Table) What does this tell you about the use of hospital and ambulatory. Plan Admissionsper Year Inpatient Cost(1984 Dollars) C = 0 0.128 409 C=0.5 0.092 450 C=0.95 0.099 315 $150 individual deductible 0.115 373You have been recruited as an expert in health economics to recommend what is the best therapy for a group of patients. In the image below you will find the decision tree showing the probabilities for different health states and outcomes for patients undergoing two possible treatments, No drug therapy and Drug therapy. Based on the expected cost, which therapy would you recommend as the least expensive? Explain how you arrived at your recommendation and show your calculations the space provided. No drug theraphy ? Drug theraphy ? HEALTH STATES PROBABILITIES Remain in Good Health 0.5 Develop disease A 0.2 Develop disease B 0.2 Die 0.1 Remain in Good Health 0.53 Develop disease A 0.16 Develop disease B 0.22 Die 0.09 OUTCOMES (Costs) $0 $400 $300 $200 SO $800 $500 $0
- On Asymmetric Information and Agency What is a reputation good? What are examples of reputation goods outside the health care sector? Show what Pauly and Satterthwaite predict will happen to the demand curve for health services as a result of an increase in the number of providers.The information needed by health care organizations (such as commercial insurers) is often quite similar to that needed by public health entities. Please describe the types of information needed by both, as well as information that may be need by one but not the other.How can deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance reduce moral hazard?
- Demand studies in health care have provided estimates of both income and price elasticity. Estimates of income elasticity are usually above +1.0. Estimates of price elasticity typically range between -0.1 and -.75 (with hospital services at the lower end and elective services at the upper end). What information do these estimates convey? What does the price elasticity of demand estimates imply for government policymakers, insurance companies, and medical providers' decisions? What does the income elasticity of demand estimates imply for government policymakers, insurance companies, and medical providers' decisions?Jenny believes that the unwillingness to buy insurance by young healthy people creates a moral hazard problem for health insurance companies. Diego disagrees, and believes that their unwillingness to buy health insurance creates an adverse selection problem. Who is right? Explain.How is the moral hazard problem relevant to the health care market?
- How does moral hazard issue affect the health care market in Hong Kong? Suggest possible remedies to alleviate the problems.Suppose a particular population has two kinds of health risks, high and low. Let the expected annual health care costs for the high risk be $10,000, and for the low risk, half that. If there are twice as many low risk as high risk individuals, and if the one insurer’s administrative load is 20%, what would the community rated premium be if everyone is compelled to and able to buy health insurance? Note: administrative load can be construed as the amount that the insurer has in costs to run the plans above and beyond the "health care costs."What is the significance when it comes to asymmetric information to show it's efficient function of a medical market?