Whether an antimicrobial is broad spectrum or narrow spectrum depends on its mode of action. For the following 2 hypothetical drugs, predict whether they are broad spectrum or narrow spectrum. Explain your reasoning: a. Drug A interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis - b. Drug B interferes with 70S ribosome function- C. Drug C interferes with synthesis of a vitamin -
Q: Based on class data only, which antimicrobial has the broadest spectrum? Which one has the narrowest…
A: An antimicrobial is an agent that kills or stops the growth of micro-organism. Antimicrobial…
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Q: Give one example of selective toxicity used as an antimicrobial mechanism. Explain your answer
A: The selective toxicity of antibiotics is related to the effectiveness of the antibiotics against the…
Q: which antimicrobial drugs are produced naturally?
A: Antimicrobial drugs produced naturally are Biofilms. Biofilm is assemblage of surface -associated…
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A: Antimetabolites are the cytotoxic type of drug because they kill cells, they done their work by…
Q: elaborate about drug metabolism phases: phase I (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis) Phase II…
A: Phase I: Yields a polar, water-soluble, metabolite that is often still active. Many of the products…
Q: List and explain in your own words the 5 mechanisms of antimicrobial drug resistance
A: Introduction: Antimicrobials selectively destroy/prevent the formation of germs such as bacteria…
Q: Why have the chemical structure of some antimicrobial drugs been modified into semisynthetics?
A: Many antibiotics or antimicrobial drugs halt bacterial infection by interfering with the…
Q: Give some examples of antihistamines. How do they work? Please provide the structure of the…
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Q: The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a special class of nonspecific cell-derived mediators with…
A: innate system of immunity is the first defense of the body . anti microbial peptides are part of the…
Q: Considering having the same targets, Which of the following inhibitors are correctly grouped? A.…
A: Enzymes are a class of proteins that elevates the pace of the reactions that occur within the body…
Q: How do the cytochrome P450 proteins affect drug responses?Give two examples.
A: Cytochrome P450 is an enzyme.
Q: What is the mode of action of most antifungal drugs? inhibition of RNA synthesis disruption of…
A: An antifungal drug eliminates the fungal pathogens selectively from a host. During this process, the…
Q: Why would attaching an enediyne- containing molecule to an antibody be an attractive way to treat…
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Q: explain what scaffold hopping is and why it is useful for drug development?
A: According to the question we have to explain scaffold hopping. In addition to that, we need to…
Q: is Polymyxin a cationic antimcrobial peptide? Does Aureomycin targets lipopolysaccharide?
A: is Polymyxin a cationic antimcrobial peptide? Yes
Q: Acyclovir can be used to treated virus-infected cells. Explain how?
A: Acyclovir is an antiviral medication which is primarily used for the treatment of viral disesases…
Q: The structures of two antiviral drugs are shown below. Draw the structures of the natural compounds…
A: Antiviral drugs are considered as the class of medications, which is used to treat the infections…
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A: Question 1: Introduction: Reverse transcriptase (RT), also known as RNA-dependent DNA polymerase,…
Q: With the help of two (2) examples, define antibiotics
A: Antibiotics are widely used to treat certain infections cause by bacteria.
Q: Below, you can see a picture of an antimicrobial drug. Regarding semi-synthetic antimicrobial drug…
A: Antibiotic resistance happens when germs develop the ability to defeat the drugs that are designed…
Q: How can drug resistance in microorganisms be circumvented?
A: The uselessness of a treatment, such as an antibiotic or antineoplastic, for curing a disease or…
Q: Summarize the mechanism of action and the therapeutic use of the following antifungal drugs:…
A: Antifungal drugs are used to stop or inhibit the growth of fungus.
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A: Plants are exposed to different variety of pests and pathogens in nature. It has developed various…
Q: Match these drugs with the following functions Cell wall synthesis inhibitors 50s Ribosomal…
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Q: Provide the target of ciprofloxacin as well as the group of antibiotics it belongs to.
A: Antibiotics are medications which are used to treat bacterial illnesses in humans and animals. They…
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A: Drug discovery process of Losartan Saralasin is an octa-peptide counterpart of Ang II that replaces…
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A: The lytic and lysogenic pathways have shown a good illustration of transcriptional regulation in…
Q: how does the ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids in a liposome affect drug encapsulation?
A: Phospholipids are a type of chemical molecule that has a hydrophilic head composed of a phosphate…
Q: Spectrum of activity describes how many species of microbes a drug works against. Broad-spectrum…
A: Antibiotics are the secondary metabolites obtained from a group of microbes to inhibit the action of…
Q: What modifications can be done to streptomycin's structure to enhance its pharmacokinetics and…
A: Streptomycin is the primary found aminoglycoside antibiotic, initially isolated from the micro…
Q: Match these drugs from these functions Cell wall synthesis inhibitors 50s Ribosomal subunit…
A: Drugs These are chemical substances that have the capability to alter the physiology of the…
Q: Discuss how the known mechanism/s of action of the different tested antimicrobials affected their…
A: In biochemistry, antimicrobials are defined as the drug class or agents that act on microorganisms…
Q: With some level of toxic shock syndrome caused by the superantigen produced by Staphylococcus…
A: Staphylococcus aureus - It is round shaped, gram positive bacteria, member of Firmicutes, generally…
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A: N- acetylprocainamide is acetylated metabolite of procainamide. The reaction of metabolism occurs in…
Q: What bacterial structural target would make an antibacterial drug selective for gram-negative…
A: The gram-negative bacteria don't retain the crystal violet stain that's why called gram-negative.
Q: Describe the enzymatic reaction of the protein epidermal growth factor. Include the specific…
A: Epidermal growth factor is a protein, involved in cell cell proliferation and differentiation, by…
Q: Which HDAC inhibitors are used as anticancer agents?
A: Histone deacetylase(HDAC) Inhibitors are a class of anti cancer agents that induces apoptosis…
Q: what is the mechanism of action for penicillins? a. injury to plasma membrane b. inbibition of…
A: Penicillin This antibiotic belongs to a group of antibiotics that are obtained from Penicillium…
Q: Draw curved arrows to show the mechanism of how TS becomes covalently bound to the drug in its…
A: Trifluridine is an antiviral drug that is used for viral infection in eye. It is used topically and…
Q: Why gentamicin and tetracycline are not effective against eukaryotic microorganisms such as fungi?
A: Tetracycline and gentamicin are antimicrobial agents.
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- Which ONE of the following best describes ciprofloxacin? Select one: A. Active against Streptococcus pneumoniae B. An inhibitor of RNA synthesis C. An antimicrobial prodrug D. A natural product produced by Streptomyces spp. E. Subject to new restrictions and precautions for use due to very rare reports of disabling and potentially long-lasting or irreversible side effectsReviewing drug characteristics, choose an antimicrobial for each of the following situations (explain your choice): a. for an adult patient suffering from Mycoplasma pneumonia b. for a child with bacterial meningitis (drug must enter into cerebrospinal fl uid) c. for a patient who has chlamydiosis and an allergy to azithromycin d. for treating a child with Rocky Mountain spotted fever e. for PPNG drug-resistant gonorrheaPolymer nanoparticles, Microparticles and hydrogels have been developed for slow and sustained drug release for slow and sustained drug release application; mark all that apply below: 1)Drug release from hydrogels can be via (a) drug diffusion, (b) degradation of the polymeric matrix and (c) swelling 2) PLGA degrades to lactic acid and glycolic acid, which are not biocompatible 3) Drug release can be triggered through internal and external stimuli - I.e. by use of pH labile chemistries or external triggers 4) Burst release describes the initial faster release rates often observed in drug delivery system, which is then followed by sustained release 5) while burst release is observed with polymer nanoparticles, it is not observed from hydrogels
- Briefly explain this statement -"Therapeutic drug monitoring of Warfarin" Please explain at your own words(500-600 words appropriately).Below, you can see a picture of an antimicrobial drug. Regarding semi-synthetic antimicrobial drug development to try to avoid development of antibiotic resistance, use 1 sentence to address what is the significance/value of the presence of the various R-groups (e.g. R4, R5, R6, etc.)?Match the following drug targets with the type of antibiotic that uses them (answers may be used more than once or not at all). a. Cell wall b.Cell membrane c. Protein synthesis (Transcription/Translation) d. Metabolic Pathway e. Nucleic Acid synthesis Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Erythromycin Doxycycline Sulfonamides Answer these multiple-choice questions as well. Please give just the answer and no explanation. 1. Which is not true of virus capsids?a. They surround and protect viral nucleic acidb. Always icosahedral in shapec. Remain outside of host bacterial cells while the nucleic acid is injected into the bacterial celld. Enters host animal cells together with the nucleic acid e. Made up of protein subunits called capsomeres 2. All viruses have: a. DNA b. RNAc. Envelopesd. Glycoprotein spikes e. Host specificity 3. Use the following to select the sequence of events during replication of DNA viruses in animal cells:1 = replication of viral nucleic acid2 = adsorption3…
- Describe the enzymatic reaction of the protein epidermal growth factor. Include the specific reaction catalyzed by the protein. Enzymatic reaction is a physiologically relevant biochemical stimulus for the temporal and spatial control of drug release because: (1) the overexpression of specific enzymes is localized at diseased tissues.Biotransformation is an important concept in pharmacology, which amongst others, enables the effective administration of prodrugs. Provide a detailed description of factors influencing the biotransformation of drugs.Which ONE of the following best describes nitrofurantoin? Select one: A. A macrolide antimicrobial agent B. An antimicrobial prodrug C. A natural product produced by Streptomyces spp. D. Useful in treating systemic infections E. A nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor Which ONE of the following best describes cephalexin? Select one: A. The bacterial target is located on the internal side of the cytoplasmic membrane B. An agent suitable for community use C. Resistance readily occurs via drug efflux in Gram-positive bacteria D. A parenteral penicillin E. An agent capable of disrupting bacterial membranes Which ONE of the following best describes ciprofloxacin? Select one: A. Active against Streptococcus pneumoniae B. An inhibitor of RNA synthesis C. An antimicrobial prodrug D. A natural product produced by Streptomyces spp. E. Subject to new restrictions and precautions for use due to very rare reports of…
- 34. Which of the following cells (below) is known to produce antiphagocytic M protein? 88 A. B. C. D. ●●●● E.c) pien Nutriceutical Give examples of medications prescribed in alternative medicine. Is it necessary to take precautions in the use of Such medicines? Explain. What natural products are being explored as prospective protection or treatment against Covid-19? Elaborate on each very briefly why they are considered as such. CorabreePlease choose all the ADVANTAGES of protein-based drugs such as antibodies compare to small molecules from the following options. A. high selectivity B. Biocompatibility C. stable to metabolism D. oral bioavailability E. long half-life F. high activity