What type of receptor requires an effector protein toinitiate a signal?a. biogenic amineb. ionotropic receptorc. cholinergic systemd. metabotropic receptor
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What type of receptor requires an effector protein to
initiate a signal?
a. biogenic amine
b. ionotropic receptor
c. cholinergic system
d. metabotropic receptor
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- The figure below shows the processes that occur during vision. SGMP PDE membrane Excitation Answer the following questions with regards to this figure and the signal cascade triggered by adrenaline through the B-adrenergic receptor. The light receptor rhodopsin (Rh) has an analogous structure to the B-adrenergic receptor therefore this receptor should be a GPCR. O A. B. a ligand-gated ion channel. Oca B-barrel protein. D. a tyrosine kinase with two subunits that dimerize. O E. a globular protein.Receptors such as those in the inner ear, respond to stimulation with an AM response. In contrast, a neuron connected to that receptor, sending information centrally (ex: the brain) respond in an FM manner. Differentiate between: I. how the degree of stimulation to the receptor is encoded as compared to, II. the degree of the stimulation encoding by the neuron connected to the receptorLocal anesthetics "block" the action potential and therefore do not allow "pain" information to proceed to the brain and spinal cord. In the presence of these molecules (local anesthetics) 'threshold' is essentially "ignored". The molecules most logically work by: 23. a. Decreasing the intracellular [potassium] b. Blocking the opening of the voltage-gated potassium channels c. Decreasing the extracellular [sodium] d. Blocking the opening of the voltage-gated sodium channels
- EXPLAIN THE RECEPTOR THEORY AND THE FOUR RECEPTOR FAMILIES. WHAT CLASS OF MEDICATION IS VERAPAMIL, AND HOW DOES IT WORK?Sometimes, neurotransmitter functioning decreases by adding another signal substance (e.g. neurosteroids). An example of this is when the effect of GABA on a GABA receptor is decreased by administering a substance name picrotoxin. Picrotoxin has no independent effect. What is the correct term for this effect? O Negative allosteric modulation (NAM). O Cotransmission. O Positive allosteric modulation (PAM). O Volume transmission.A. Is an action potential more or less likely when the consumption of the Fugu toxin and is stimulated with a neuron with a supra-threshold stimulus? B. Which (flaccid or tonic) is the result in this case? What would be the associated physical symptoms of this condition? C. Briefly describe the pharmacological/clinical/commercial uses of this toxin and its derivatives.
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- In signal transduction in the dark, the cGMP plays what role? a. It promotes an action potential in the bipolar cell b.It promotes a more hyperpolarized resting potential c. It activates transducin d. It opens non-selective cation channels e. It deactivates cGMP phosphodiesteraseAn individual diagnosed with CMT has difficulty holding a cup because: a. The myelin in the motor neurons is damaged thereby preventing an impulse frommoving along the axonb. The myelin in the sensory neurons is damaged thereby preventing an impulse frommoving along the axonc. The dendrites in the motor neurons are damaged thereby preventing an impulse frommoving along the axond. The dendrites in the sensory neurons are damaged thereby preventing an impulse frommoving along the axonBriefly explain the difference between a receptor antagonist and a receptor inverse agonist. Describe both the resulting receptor conformation as well as the signal transduction.
