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- What are the steps involved in synthesis of genetically engineered insulin.In some forms of diabetes, a mutation in the b subunit of the insulin receptor abolishes the enzymatic activity of that subunit. How does the mutation affect the cell’s response to insulin? Can additional insulin (e.g., from injections) overcome the defect?Assume you have a monoclonal antibody specific for phosphotyrosine. How do you anticipate the antibody affecting insulin signalling?
- How do diacylglycerol and ceramide impair insulin signaling?John was repeating George Palade's pulse and chase experiment to trace insulin secretion pathway within cells. When he observed his samples under the electron microscope, he saw the ³H]-leucine labelling all over the cells, which indicates that he made some mistakes in carrying out the experiment. Which of the following is a correct suggestion to improve his result? O Use liver sample after the pulse-chase injection O Inject [13C]-leucine instead of [³H]-leucine Inject non-labeled leucine earlier than what he did O Use phase contrast light microscope instead of electron microscope O Observe the sample two days after pulse-chase injectionDescribe the relationship between Insulin Growth Factor (IGF) and aging. What role does IGF play in the process of Aging and Longevity? How is IGF involved in signaling for this process? Is the signaling by IGF long term signaling or short term signaling with regard to the interactions. Which other molecule(s) might contribute to duration of IGF signaling for this process?
- Name two proteins that are effectors of the insulin signaling pathway in adipocytes, liver, or muscle cells. Explain how these effector proteins address the conditions that triggered insulin release.Describe the process that results in the activation of multiple copies of PKB in response to the binding of a single molecule of insulin to its receptor. Explain why insulin can stimulate the activation PKB of but not the activation of PK.One such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below 1) Provide a brief explanation as to why ligand binding toproteins must be a reversible process. 2) Calculate the dissociation constant (Kd) for the hormone binding to each of the three proteins.
- What are the roles of the following signaling molecules in the glucagon pathway: Second messenger Kinase (promoting the pathway) Kinase (inhibiting the pathway)If we use a normal sodium chloride solution instead of PBS buffer during insulin extraction ,what will happen?Trace in a stepwise manner the signaling pathway that involves a g-protein receptor leading to the release of intracellular calcium. Specify what class of hormones would be involved in this pathway.