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- Studies have indicated that for pairs of twins raised inthe same family, the environmental similarity formonozygotic (MZ) twins is not significantly differentfrom the environmental similarity for fraternal (dizygotic or DZ) twins. Why is this fact important forcalculations of heritability?Most of the feathers of erminette fowl are light colored, with an occasional black one, giving a fleckedappearance. A cross of two erminettes produced a totalof 48 progeny, consisting of 22 erminettes, 14 blacks,and 12 pure whites. What genetic basis of the erminette pattern is suggested? How would you test yourhypotheses?A cross between two pea plants, both of which grewfrom yellow round seeds, gave the following numbersof seeds: 156 yellow round and 54 yellow wrinkled.What are the genotypes of the parent plants? (Yellowand round are dominant traits.)
- Write the number of different kinds of phenotypes,excluding sex, you would see among a large numberof progeny from an F1 mating between individuals ofidentical genotype that are heterozygous for one ortwo genes (that is, Aa or Aa Bb) as indicated. No geneinteractions means that the phenotype determined byone gene is not influenced by the genotype of theother gene.a. One gene; A completely dominant to a.b. One gene; A and a codominant.c. One gene; A incompletely dominant to a.d. Two unlinked genes; no gene interactions; Acompletely dominant to a, and B completelydominant to b.e. Two genes, 10 m.u. apart; no gene interactions; Acompletely dominant to a, and B completely dominant to b.f. Two unlinked genes; no gene interactions; A anda codominant, and B incompletely dominant to b.g. Two genes, 10 m.u. apart; A completely dominantto a, and B completely dominant to b; and withrecessive epistasis between aa and the alleles ofgene B.h. Two unlinked duplicated genes (that is, A and Bperform…Summer squash exist in long, spherical, or disk shapes. When atrue-breeding long-shaped strain was crossed to a true-breedingdisk-shaped strain, all of the F1 offspring were disk-shaped. Whenthe F1 offspring were allowed to self-fertilize, the F2 generationconsisted of a ratio of 9 disk-shaped to 6 round-shaped to 1 longshaped. Assuming the shape of summer squash is governed by twodifferent genes, with each gene existing in two alleles, propose amechanism to account for this 9:6:1 ratioMore Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of Independent Assortment Determine the possible genotypes of the following parents by analyzing the phenotypes of their children. In this case, we will assume that brown eyes (B) is dominant to blue (b) and that right-handedness (R) is dominant to left-handedness (r). a. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed brown eyes, right-handed Offspring: 3/4 brown eyes, right-handed 1/4 blue eyes, right-handed b. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed blue eyes, right-handed Offspring: 6/16 blue eyes, right-handed 2/16 blue eyes, left-handed 6/16 brown eyes, right-handed 2/16 brown eyes, left-handed c. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed blue eyes, left-handed Offspring: 1/4 brown eyes, right-handed 1/4 brown eyes, left-handed 1/4 blue eyes, right-handed 1/4 blue eyes, left-handed
- Monozygotic (MZ) twins have a concordance value of 44% for a specific trait, whereas dizygotic twins have a concordance value of less than 5% for the same trait. What could explain why the value for MZ twins is significantly less than 100%?Height in humans is controlled by the additive action of genes and the action of environmental factors. For the purposes of this problem, assume that height is controlled by four genesA, B, C, and Dand that there are no environmental effects. Assume further that additive alleles contribute two units of height and partially additive alleles contribute one unit of height. a. Given these assumptions, can two individuals of moderate height produce offspring that are much taller and shorter than either parent? If so, how can this happen? b. Can someone of minimum height and someone of intermediate height have children taller than the parent of intermediate height? Why or why not?Aboten te breed a pea plant that displays a very specific phenotype, they would like a pea plant with green seeds in a yellow pod Using their knowledge of the pea plants they are working with they have del hich trat e dominant and which are recessive, as well as, what alieles are present in the parent plants. Pea Plant Traits Flower Flower Seed Color Po S Pod Color Plant Sire Color Location Axial YG Yg yG yg Infiated Green Purple Tall yG R Y. G. T. yg Terminal Short (Dwarf) Weinkled Green Constricted Yellow White yG yg y t Previous
- Two alleles at one locus produce three distinctphenotypes. Two alleles of two genes lead tofive distinct phenotypes. Two alleles of six geneslead to 13 distinct phenotypes. (These statementsassume that the alleles at any one locus arecodominant or incompletely dominant andthat each gene makes an equal contributionto the phenotype.)a. Derive a formula to express this relationship. (Letn equal the number of genes.)b. Each of the most extreme phenotypes for a traitdetermined by two alleles at one locus are foundin a proportion of 1/4 in the F2 generation. If twoalleles of two genes determine the trait, each extreme phenotype will be present in the F2 as 1/16of the population.In common wheat (Triticum aestivum),kernel color varies from red to white andthe genes controlling the color act additively,that is, alleles for each gene are incompletelydominant and each gene contributes equallyto the color. A true-breeding red variety iscrossed to a true-breeding white variety, and1/256 of the F2…The R and S loci are 35 m.u. apart. If a plant of genotyper sR Sis selfed, what progeny phenotypes will be seen and inwhat proportions?A wild-type fruit fly (heterozygous for gray body color andred eyes) is mated with a black fruit fly with purple eyes. Theoffspring are wild-type, 721; black purple, 751; gray purple, 49;black red, 45. What is the recombination frequency betweenthese genes for body color and eye color? Using informationfrom problem 3, what fruit flies (genotypes and phenotypes)would you mate to determine the order of the body color, wingsize, and eye color genes on the chromosome?