We may evaluate the two modes of cypher encryption, cypher block chaining and cypher feedback mode, by looking at how many encryption operations are needed to transport a large file. To what extent is the more efficient option preferred?
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We may evaluate the two modes of cypher encryption, cypher block chaining and cypher feedback mode, by looking at how many encryption operations are needed to transport a large file.
To what extent is the more efficient option preferred?
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- One of the problems with the Internet email system is that sending forged emails is relatively straightforward, i.e., it is easy to send an email with a fake sender/from address. One solution to this problem would be for a domain’s mail servers to digitally sign any email originating from the domain. For this to be useful, the public key would need to be made available to clients to validate the signatures. It is proposed that the public keys of the mail servers will be verified and signed by a certification authority (same as SSL/TLS certificates) and distributed via a standardised URL for the domain, e.g., https://mybusiness.com/email.pubkey. (a) Explain how the client would obtain the public key and validate the email server’s digital signatures. (b) Discuss the problem of trusting the obtained public key and how this solution results in public keys that can/cannot be trusted. (c) Indicate whether you believe this approach could be used to prevent forged emails and explain why it…Consider the following encryption scheme for a block cipher (using the notationfrequently used in class).y1 = ek(x1 ⊕ IV), y2 = ek(x2), y3 = ek(x3), etc.a. Suppose IV is a block consisting entirely of zeros. Which mode ofoperation does the described mode reduce to?b. Describe the corresponding decryption scheme.c. Can encryption and/or decryption be run in parallel for this scheme?A number of companies have been invited to prepare and submit a tender for a contract using e-mail. To provide a high level of privacy and to authenticate each tender and ensure nonrepudiation, each company has been asked to encrypt their tender using PGP. By means of a block schematic diagram, assuming no compression is to be used, show the various steps that are followed to carry out: the authentication and nonrepudiation steps, and the encryption and decryption of the tender contents.
- A block cipher has block length 3. When the key is k, the results of encrypting a block with this cipher are given in the table below: m E(m, k) m E(m, k) 000 011 100 101 001 111 101 110 010 001 110 010 011 000 111 100 (i) Decrypt the ciphertext 010011011 given that it was created by using this block cipher in CBC mode, with key k and IV 111. (ii) Decrypt the ciphertext 010011011 given that it was created by using this block cipher in ECB mode, with key k. (iii) Decrypt the ciphertext 010011011 given that it was created by using this block cipher in CTR mode, with key k and initial counter value 100.The key to cracking a substitution cipher was first discovered by Arab scholars in the ninth century, but it was not widely known in the West until the fifteenth century. Once frequency analysis of ciphers became widespread, the plain substitution cipher became useless. To fix the problems in the substitution cipher, Blaise de Vigenère invented the strategy of using multiple letter mappings. Rather than using one key for the whole message, Vigenère’s idea was to use a different key for each letter of the message. Using a different key for each letter makes the frequency analysis much more difficult. The key to the Vigenère cipher is the Vigenère square. The rows shown here are simple rotations of the alphabet. Each row in the table shifts the letters of the alphabet one place to the left. When a letter shifts out of the first . The idea is to have the message we want to encode: secretmessage Alongside a word we will use to encrypt: encryptencrypt Plaint text s e c r…Compare the number of encryption operations necessary to transfer a large file using cypher block chaining versus the amount of encryption operations required using cypher feedback mode.Which one is more effective, and by what margin is it more effective?
- Consider the case of Alice sending a message, m, to Bob. Both Alice and Bob use public key cryptography and each has a public and private key as described in the text. The figure attached below shows the operations that Alice must perform to provide confidentiality, authentication, and integrity when sending a message to Bob over the network. We can use either symmetric key or public key cryptography to encrypt a message. For our purposes, either technique will encrypt the message, and applying both doesn't make it "more secure". Also, we can assume that the session key would remain a secret so the fact that it is discarded does not make it "more secure". Why do we use a session key, Ks, instead of relying only on public key Cryptography? In other words, why do we use both public key and symmetric key cryptography?A symmetric block encryption algorithm is shown below. 16-bit blocks of plaintext P are encrypted using a 32-bit key. Encryption is defined as: C = (P EX_OR Ko) + K1 C is the ciphertext, K is the secret key, Ko is the leftmost 16 bits of K, K1 is the rightmost 16 bits of K, EX_OR is bitwise exclusive OR, and + is binary addition. a. The ciphertext C must be the same size as the plaintext P, that is, it must not be larger than 16 bits. How can this be achieved? b. Show the decryption equation. How will the encrypted message be decrypted?The hacker group Desdeia tries to break our old weak cipher which we used for the communication with the Duchess of Ligovia. It's generally known that an actual breaking of the cipher needs the reviewing a huge amount of variants which probably lasts a couple of months. Additionally we know that the reviewing of different variants needs always the same server resource. Using our intelligence sources we tried to get some information about the actual progress of breaking, but we got only some fragments: • The hacker group Desdeia uses for breaking their powerful four-core server which resources are fully dedicated to breaking process. . The actual breaking process began exactly at noon, but we don't know, on which day. . By the noon of 2nd of April, already 648,467,673 variants were successfully reviewed. Exactly at this noon, when the breaking process was already lasted for 19 days, it was attempted to double the server speed. The doubling itself was failed, but instead of it there was…
- Suppose we have an alphabet of 30 characters, labelled as the integers modulo 30. Suppose that a 2 × 2 affine shift cipher is used to encode a message and it is known that the translation vector B is (0,0). The cipher text comes along as "21, 2, 13, 3, 14, 7, 0, 15,..." and you figure out through some other means that the plaintext starts "15, 16, 1, 1, plaintext? ." What is the encryption key? What are the next four digits of the ....Compare cypher block chaining with cypher feedback mode in terms of the number of encryption operations necessary to transport a big file. Exactly how much more efficient is one than the other, and by how much?Note: The notation from this problem is from Understanding Cryptography by Paar and Pelzl. We conduct a known-plaintext attack against an LFSR. Through trial and error we have determined that the number of states is m = 4. The plaintext given by 01110010 = 0X1X2X3X4X5X6X7 when encrypted by the LFSR produced the ciphertext 11000011 = YOY1Y2Y3Y3Y5Y6Y7- What are the tap bits of the LFSR? Please enter your answer as unspaced binary digits (e.g. 0101 to represent p3 = 0, p2 = 1, p1 = 0, po = 1).