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What are vaccines and how does it contribute to both the innate and adaptive immune responses? Explain the mechanisms of vaccines and how it results into B cells and T cells. Provide an example of a vaccine by including its type, its structure, how it was made, and how it influences it’s respective pathogen.
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- Describe IN DETAIL how vaccines work. Include a clear description of how the immune system works and how vaccines work WITH our natural immune function. How do they help protect us from dying from diseases? Use examples from the past (e.g. polio, smallpox, measles, rubella, etc.) to illustrate the effectiveness of vaccines.In the event of an inflammation in the body, discuss the vaccine concept after indicating how the proteins that cause this formation in the cell where the inflammation occurs and therefore cause the initiation of the fight against this foreign substance.Vaccines always include antigen and often an adjuvant. What is meant by antigen and adjuvant?
- Which set of facts is true for vaccines? They produce active immunity.They are mostly targeted against bacteria. details explanation for both optionsDescribe the six types of antigen preparations for making vaccines.How do vaccines work in the body? How do they utilize adaptive immune response? Also, kindly give an example (i.e., COVID vaccines).
- Distinguish between the innate and adaptive immune systems in terms of cell types used, how they recognize pathogens, and how they protect animals from infection. Predict how perturbations in immune cells or immune responses influence innate immune system function. Predict how perturbations in immune cells or immune responses influence adaptive immune system function. Explain how traditional and mRNA vaccines work using the terms: antibody, antigen, B-cells, helper T-cells, plasma cells, and memory B-cells. Predict whether an infection or perturbations in B- and T- cell development might predispose someone to develop an autoimmune disease.Most vaccines are designed to be preventative or prophylactic. What does this mean?Which set of facts is true for vaccines? They produce active immunity.They are mostly targeted against bacteria. They produce active immunity.They are mostly targeted against viruses. They produce passive immunity.They are mostly targeted against viruses. They produce passive immunity.They are mostly targeted against bacteria. detail explanation needed
- Do vaccines produce active or passive humoral immunity? Explain your answer. Why is passive immunity less satisfactory?Each year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publish a schedule of recommended vaccinations for infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Parents may refuse recommended vaccinations for their infant, child, or adolescent based on religious or philosophical beliefs or fears regarding the safety of vaccines. What ethical principles need to be considered when dealing with patients and their families who refuse recommended vaccines? How would you approach a parent who refuses the recommended vaccines for their 2-month old infant due to the fear that vaccines can cause autism?Which of the following best describes an attenuated whole-agent vaccine? Which option is the answer... Inactivated toxin (toxoid) that induces immunity against microbial toxin Uses living but weakened microbes to stimulate immunity Combination of antigens to enhance immune response Uses killed microbes to stimulate immunity Uses antigenic fragments of a microbe to stimulate immunity