The motor and secretory activities of the gastrointestinal tract are regulated by nerve and humoral pathways. The gastrointestinal tract receives sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation and has its own nerve plexus. Hormones secreted in the endocrine glands of the body and biologically active substances which are produced by the cells that lie within the digestive tract influence its functioning. Table 12. Hormones of the gastrointestinal tract HORMONE SECRETARY CELLS EFFECT Gastrin Secretin Cholecystokinin (pancreozymine) (CCK-PZ) Somatostatin Motilin Regulatory substances in the gastrointestinal tract can be released in the synaptic terminals of the neurons of the sympathetic, parasympathetic divisions of the ANS and the intestinal nerve plexus (neurocrine secretion), for example: somatostatin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), vasointestinal peptide (VIP), substance P, endogenous opiates (enkephalins).

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