Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that can alleviate symptoms of depressionby blocking the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing the amountof time that 5-HT remains active. Elevated levels of 5-HT within the synapse are associated withfeelings of well-being; conversely, low levels of 5-HT are correlated with depressive symptoms.Recent studies have shown that SSRIs can also mediate their antidepressant effects by increasingbrain levels of certain cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFNY). IFNY directly induces theexpression of the protein p11 in neighboring neurons, which then interacts with 5-HTR4, a 5-HTtransmembrane receptor. Figures 1 and 2 provide information about this interaction.5-HTR4 protein(% of WT)expressionCAMP levels (% changecontrol)from120T100+80+60+40+20+0MEMTOTFigure 1 5-HTR4 protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fraction (MEM) of hippocampallysate and in total hippocampal lysate (TOT) from p11 wild-type (WT) or p11 knockout (KO) mice120T100+80+60+40+20-0-p11 expression(% control)ControlFigure 2 Effect of 5-HT on CAMP levels in cells transfected with 5-HTR4 and/or p11Studies have shown that analgesics, such as ibuprofen (IBU), inhibit the behavioral antidepressantresponses normally observed in mice undergoing chronic SSRI administration. Figure 3 shows theeffect of citalopram (CIT), an SSRI, and IBU on IFNY expression in mice. Figure 4 shows the effect ofIBU on p11 expression in the presence and absence of treatment with CIT. In both figures, VEHrepresents the group given the control solution.300T250+200+150+100-50-0-IFNY (fold change)Ip11 5-HTR4 5-HTR4+p111.0-0.8+0.6-ED0.4+0.2+#of I0--0.2-WT□KOVEH**CITFigure 3 Effect of citalopram and ibuprofen on IFNY levels in the mouse frontal cortex**IBUIBU + CIT☐VEH□CITVEHIBUFigure 4 Effect of ibuprofen on p11 expression in the brain in the presence and absence ofcitalopram treatmentWhich comparison best determines whether IFNY isnecessary for antidepressant-induced increases in theexpression of p11?Expression levels of p11 in:OA. wild-type mice versus IFNY knockout mice, bothtreated with p11OB. wild-type mice versus IFNY knockout mice, bothtreated with an SSRIO C. wild-type mice treated with IFNY versus wild-typemice treated with an SSRIOD. wild-type mice treated with IFNY versus wild-typemice treated with ibuprofenThe gene for red-green color blindness is recessiveand X-linked. What will be the expected phenotype ofthe children of a color-blind woman and a man whois not color-blind?O A. All of the children will have normal color vision.O B. All of the daughters will have normal color vision; allthe sons will be color-blind.O C. All of the sons will have normal color vision; all thedaughters will be color-blind.O D. Half of the daughters will have normal color vision,and half of the daughters will be color-blind; all theIsons will be color-blind.

Human eyes are capable of detecting three colours: red, green, and blue. These colours are…

The gene for red-green color blindness is recessive and X-linked. What will be the expected phenotype of the children of a color-blind woman and a man who is not color-blind? O A. All of the children will have normal color vision. O B. All of the daughters will have normal color vision; all the sons will be color-blind. O C. All of the sons will have normal color vision; all the daughters will be color-blind. O D. Half of the daughters will have normal color vision, and half of the daughters will be color-blind; all the sons will be color-blind.

The gene for red-green color blindness is recessive and X-linked. What will be the expected phenotype of the children of a color-blind woman and a man who is not color-blind? O A. All of the children will have normal color vision. O B. All of the daughters will have normal color vision; all the sons will be color-blind. O C. All of the sons will have normal color vision; all the daughters will be color-blind. O D. Half of the daughters will have normal color vision, and half of the daughters will be color-blind; all the sons will be color-blind.

An Illustrated Guide To Vet Med Term

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305465763

Author:ROMICH

Publisher:ROMICH

Chapter13: Nerves Of Steel

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 5CTE

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