The following three mutually exclusive alternative proposals are being considered for flood proofing a factory building that is located in an area subject to occasional flooding by a nearby river. 1. Do nothing: Damage to the building in a moderate flood is $11,000 and in a severe flood it is $24,000. 2. Protect the building with a one-time initial expenditure of $20,000 so that the building can withstand moderate flooding without any damage and withstand severe flooding with only a $12,000 damage. 3. Protect the building with a one-time initial expenditure of $32,000 so that the building can withstand any flooding with no damage at all. In any year, there is a 20% probability of moderate flooding and a 10% probability of severe flooding. Using a MARR of 12% per year and a service life of 8 years, determine which of the three alternatives is the most economical. (a) Calculate EUAC values for each scenario (use negative numbers for costs) The expected EUAC for the "Do Nothing" alternative is $ 3724 (Round to the nearest whole number.) The expected EUAC for Alternative 2 is $ 3994 (Round to the nearest whole number.)
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- Two landfill construction plans are being considered by a planning committee.They are:1) Plan A: Landfill with a groundwater protection system.2) Plan B: Landfill constructed with a geosynthetic liner to minimize leachates from the landfill and protectgroundwater sources.Annual amortized capital costs and risks of failure for the systems are presented in the table below:The cleanup cost, if the groundwater system should fail, is estimated to be $8,000,000.a) Determine the annual social cost of failure of each of the two plans.b) Determine to total cost per year for the two plans.c) If minimum total annual cost is the criterion for selecting a option, what plan should be chosen? Clearly justifyyour choice.A steel pedestrian overpass must either be reinforced or replaced. Reinforcement would cost $25,000 and would make the overpass adequate for an additional 6 years of service. If the overpass is torn down now, the scrap value of the steel would exceed the removal cost by $15,000. If it is reinforced, it is estimated that its net salvage (market) value would be $18,000 at the time it is retired from service. A new pre-stressed concrete overpass would cost $140,000 and would meet the foreseeable requirements of the next 40 years. Such a design would have no scrap value or market value. It is estimated that the annual expenses of the reinforce overpass would exceed those of the concrete overpass by $3,200. Assume that money costs 8% per year, what would you recommend? 3.In the aftermath of Hurricane Thelma, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is considering two alternative approaches to protect a freshwater wetland from the encroaching seawater during high tides. The first alternative, the construction of a 5-mile long, 20-foot-high levee, would have an investment cost of $25,000,000 with annual upkeep costs estimated at$725,000. A new roadway along the top of the levee would provide two major benefits: (1) improved recreational access for fishermen and (2) reduction of the driving distance between the towns at opposite ends of the proposed levee by 11 miles. The annual benefit for the levee has been estimated at $1,500,000. The second alternative, a channel-dredging operation, would have an investment cost of $15,000,000. The annual cost of maintaining the channel is estimated at $375,000. There are no documented benefits for the channel-dredging project. Using a MARR of 8% and assuming a 25-year life for either alternative, apply the incremental B–C…
- A steel pedestrian overpass must either be reinforced or replaced. Reinforcement would cost $25,000 and would make the overpass adequate for an additional 6 years of service. If the overpass is torn down now, the scrap value of the steel would exceed the removal cost by $15,000. If it is reinforced, it is estimated that its net salvage (market) value would be $18,000 at the time it is retired from service. A new pre- stressed concrete overpass would cost $140,000 and would meet the foreseeable requirements of the next 40 years. Such a design would have no scrap value or market value. It is estimated that the annual expenses of the reinforce overpass would exceed those of the concrete overpass by $3,200. Assume that money costs 8% per year, what would you recommend?The state is considering three proposals for increasing the capacity of the main drainage canal in an agricultural region. Proposal A requires dredging the canal. The state is planning to purchase the dredging equipment and accessories for $650,000. The equipment is expected to have a 10-year life with a $17,000 salvage value. The annual operating costs are estimated to total $50,000. To control weeds in the canal itself and along the banks, environmentally safe herbicides will be sprayed during the irrigation season. The yearly cost of the weed control program is expected to be $120,000.Proposal B is to line the canal walls with concrete at an initial cost of $4 million. The lining is assumed to be permanent, but minor maintenance willbe required every year at a cost of $5000. In addition, lining repairs will have to be made every 5 years at a cost of $30,000.Proposal C is to construct a new pipeline along a different route. Estimatesare: an initial cost of $6 million, annual…A civil engineer involved in construction management must decide between two ways to pump concrete up to the top floors of a seven-story office building under construction. Plan 1 requires the purchase of equipment for $6000 which costs between $0.40 and $0.75 per metric ton to operate, with a most likely cost of $0.50 per metric ton. The asset is able to pump 100 metric tons per day. If purchased, the asset will last for 5 years, have no salvage value, and be used 50 days per year. Plan 2 is an equipment-leasing option and is expected to cost the company $2500 per year for equipment with a low cost estimate of $1800 and a high estimateof $3200 per year. In addition, an extra $5 per hour labor cost will be incurred for operating the leased equipment each 8-hour day. Use i = 12% per year. (a) Which plan should the engineer recommend on the basis of the most likely estimates of costs? (b) Will the decision above change if the pessimistic estimates are used?
- The Tennessee Department of Highways is trying to decide whether it should “hot-patch” a short stretch of an existing highway or resurface it. If the hotpatch method is chosen, approximately 500 cubic meters of material would be required at a cost of $800/cubic meter (in place). If hot-patched, the shoulders will have to be improved at the same time at a cost of $24,000. The shoulders must be maintained at a cost of $3000 every 2 years. The annual cost of routine maintenance on the patched road is estimated to be $6000. Alternatively, the state can resurface the road at a cost of $500,000. If maintained properly, at a cost of $2000 per year beginning in the second year, the surface will last for 10 years. The shoulders would require reworking at the end of the fifth year at a cost of $15,000. Regardless of the method selected, the road will be completely rebuilt in 10 years. At an interest rate of 9%, which alternative should be chosen?A project is being considered by the Tennessee Department of Transportation to replace an aging bridge across the Cumberland River on a state highway. The existing two-lane bridge is expensive to maintain and creates a traffic bottleneck because the state highway is four lanes wide on either side of the bridge. The new bridge can be constructed at a cost of $300,000, and estimated annual maintenance costs are $10,000. The existing bridge has annual maintenance costs of $18,500. The annual benefit of the new four-lane bridge to motorists, due to the removal of the traffic bottleneck, has been estimated to be $25,000. Conduct a B-C analysis, using a MARR of 8% and a study period of 25 years, to determine whether the new bridge should be constructed.Department of Agriculture is considering three proposals for increasing the capacity of the maindrainage canal in Baguio City.Proposal 1 requires dredging the canal. The state is planning to purchase the dredgingequipment and accessories for $650,000. The equipment is expected to have a 10-year life with a$17,000 salvage value. The annual operating costs are estimated to total $50,000. To control weedsin the canal itself and along the banks, environmentally safe herbicides will be sprayed during theirrigation season. The yearly cost of the weed control program is expected to be $120,000.Proposal 2 is to line the canal walls with concrete at an initial cost of $4 million. The lining isassumed to be permanent, but minor maintenance will be required every year at a cost of $5000. Inaddition, lining repairs will have to be made every 5 years at a cost of $30,000.Proposal 3 is to construct a new pipeline along a different route. Estimates are an initial costof $6 million, annual maintenance…
- Two remediation options are being considered for a contaminated land area formerly used for industrial operations. Option 1 involves removing all of the contaminated soil over a two-year period at a cost of 2.2 million per year. Option 2 is to leave the soil in place but treat it with a bioremediation agent at a cost of 960,000/year over a three-year period. Subsequently, the soil would be sampled each for the next five years to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment system. The cost of the sampling program would be 250,000 the first year and 100,000/year for the remaining years.i. Draw a cash flow diagram for each of the two options.ii. Calculate the net present value of each option based on discount rate of 6 percent/year.iii. Which option has the lowest overall cost? iv. What is the difference in the total cost between the two options based on NPV? Give your answer both in dollars and as a percentage difference.Two remediation options are being considered for a contaminated land area formerly used for industrial operations. Option 1 involves removing all of the contaminated soil over a two-year period at a cost of 2.2 million per year. Option 2 is to leave the soil in place but treat it with a bioremediation agent at a cost of 960,000/year over a three- year period. Subsequently, the soil would be sampled each for the next five years to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment system. The cost of the sampling program would be 250,000 the first year and 100,000/year for the remaining years. a) Draw a cash flow diagram for each of the two options.Two remediation options are being considered for a contaminated land area formerly used for industrial operations. Option 1 involves removing all of the contaminated soil over a two-year period at a cost of 2.2 million per year. Option 2 is to leave the soil in place but treat it with a bioremediation agent at a cost of 960,000/year over a three-year period. Subsequently, the soil would be sampled each for the next five years to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment system. The cost of the sampling program would be 250,000 the first year and 100,000/year for the remaining years.Draw a cash flow diagram for each of the two options.a.Calculate the net present value of each option based on discount rate of 6 percent/year.b.Which option has the lowest overall cost? c.What is the difference in the total cost between the two options based on NPV? d.Give your answer both in dollars and as a percentage difference