The following data (in picture) were reported in a 2004 Journal of the National Cancer Institute article on recent developments in the tobacco epidemiology story in regards to lung cancer morbidity associated with "involuntary smoking" (final author, Richard Doll).a. Based on Tobacco epidemiology, explain the findings in the table (picture)b. Identify 2 of Sir Austin Bradford Hill's "Criteria for Causation" that are illustrated in these data. Explain. Table 3. Relative risk (RR) of lung cancer among women who did notsmoke but who have the highest exposure to involuntary smoking from aspouse who smoked compared with women who did not smoke and who hadspouses that did not smokeReferenceExposureNo. of cigarettes per day smoked by the spouse22010221221182202020202412:202:402:31Garfinkel (1981) (57)Kabat et al. (1995) (58)Humble et al. (1987) (59)Koo et al. (1987) (60)Boffetta et al. (1998) (61)Wang et al. (1996) (62)Zhong et al. (1999) (63)Jee et al. (1999) (64)Du et al. (1993) (65)Kalandidi et al. (1990) (66)Hirayama (1984) (67)Cardenas et al. (1997) (68)Trichopoulos et al. (1983) (69)Akiba et al. (1986) (70)Garfinkel et al. (1985) (71)Lam et al. (1987) (17)Geng et al. (1988) (72)Liu et al. (1993) (73)Pershagen et al. (1987) (74)Inoue and Hirayama (1988) (75)Buffler et al. (1984) (76)Sun et al. (1996) (77)Boffetta et al. (1998) (61)Cardenas et al. (1997) (68)Wang et al. (1996) (62)Zhong et al. (1999) (63)Du et al. (1993) (65)Fontham et al. (1994) (78)Akiba et al. (1986) (70)Zaridze et al. (1998) (79)Gao et al. (1987) (80)Kalandidi et al. (1990) (66)Wu et al. (1985) (81)Humble et al. (1987) (59)Choi et al. (1989) (82)Stockwell et al. (1992) (83)2:3022021220No. of years of marriage to a smoker233Jee et al. (1999) (64)Geng et al. (1988) (72)220≥201682:352:432:302412362302312:40152402:402312:272412:402:30240RR (95% CI)1.1 (0.8 to 1.6)1.1 (0.5 to 2.3)1.2 (0.3 to 5.2)1.2 (0.5 to 3.0)1.3 (0.8 to 2.2)1.4 (0.8 to 2.6)1.4 (0.7 to 2.6)1.5 (0.7 to 3.3)1.6 (0.8 to 3.2)1.6 (0.5 to 4.6)1.7 (1.1 to 2.7)1.9 (1.0 to 3.6)$For 230 years of marriage.Years of exposure for adults (partner and workplace).1.9 (0.7 to 5.0)2.1 (1.7 to 2.6)2.1 (1.1 to 4.0)2.1 (1.1 to 4.0)2.8 (1.9 to 4.1)2.9 (1.2 to 7.3)3.2 (1.0 to 9.5)3.4 (1.2 to 9.7)0.9 (0.4 to 2.3)0.9 (0.5 to 1.7)1.0 (0.7 to 1.7)1.1 (0.6 to 2.1)1.1 (0.4 to 3.1)1.1 (0.7 to 1.8)1.2 (0.6 to 2.3)1.2 (0.9 to 1.7)1.3 (0.6 to 2.8)1.4 (1.0 to 2.1)1.7 (1.0 to 2.9)1.9 (0.8 to 4.3)2.0 Not available2.1 (0.7 to 6.9)23 (1.0 to 5.6)2.4 (1.1 to 5.3)3.1 (1.4 to 6.6)3.3 (2.1 to 5.2)*The relative risks are rahked from lowest to highest within each measure ofexposure.+Rate ratios for cohort studies and odds ratios for case-control studies.Results are from an analysis using non-tumor controls.

Question

The following data (in picture) were reported in a 2004 Journal of the National Cancer Institute article on recent developments in the tobacco epidemiology story in regards to lung cancer morbidity associated with &#34;involuntary smoking&#34; (final author, Richard Doll).a. Based on Tobacco epidemiology, explain the findings in the table (picture)b. Identify 2 of Sir Austin Bradford Hill's &#34;Criteria for Causation&#34; that are illustrated in these data. Explain. Table 3. Relative risk (RR) of lung cancer among women who did notsmoke but who have the highest exposure to involuntary smoking from aspouse who smoked compared with women who did not smoke and who hadspouses that did not smokeReferenceExposureNo. of cigarettes per day smoked by the spouse220>10221221>18220>2020>202412:202:402:31Garfinkel (1981) (57)Kabat et al. (1995) (58)Humble et al. (1987) (59)Koo et al. (1987) (60)Boffetta et al. (1998) (61)Wang et al. (1996) (62)Zhong et al. (1999) (63)Jee et al. (1999) (64)Du et al. (1993) (65)Kalandidi et al. (1990) (66)Hirayama (1984) (67)Cardenas et al. (1997) (68)Trichopoulos et al. (1983) (69)Akiba et al. (1986) (70)Garfinkel et al. (1985) (71)Lam et al. (1987) (17)Geng et al. (1988) (72)Liu et al. (1993) (73)Pershagen et al. (1987) (74)Inoue and Hirayama (1988) (75)Buffler et al. (1984) (76)Sun et al. (1996) (77)Boffetta et al. (1998) (61)Cardenas et al. (1997) (68)Wang et al. (1996) (62)Zhong et al. (1999) (63)Du et al. (1993) (65)Fontham et al. (1994) (78)Akiba et al. (1986) (70)Zaridze et al. (1998) (79)Gao et al. (1987) (80)Kalandidi et al. (1990) (66)Wu et al. (1985) (81)Humble et al. (1987) (59)Choi et al. (1989) (82)Stockwell et al. (1992) (83)2:3022021220No. of years of marriage to a smoker233Jee et al. (1999) (64)Geng et al. (1988) (72)220≥201682:352:432:302412362302312:40>152402:402312:272412:402:30240RR (95% CI)1.1 (0.8 to 1.6)1.1 (0.5 to 2.3)1.2 (0.3 to 5.2)1.2 (0.5 to 3.0)1.3 (0.8 to 2.2)1.4 (0.8 to 2.6)1.4 (0.7 to 2.6)1.5 (0.7 to 3.3)1.6 (0.8 to 3.2)1.6 (0.5 to 4.6)1.7 (1.1 to 2.7)1.9 (1.0 to 3.6)$For 230 years of marriage.Years of exposure for adults (partner and workplace).1.9 (0.7 to 5.0)2.1 (1.7 to 2.6)2.1 (1.1 to 4.0)2.1 (1.1 to 4.0)2.8 (1.9 to 4.1)2.9 (1.2 to 7.3)3.2 (1.0 to 9.5)3.4 (1.2 to 9.7)0.9 (0.4 to 2.3)0.9 (0.5 to 1.7)1.0 (0.7 to 1.7)1.1 (0.6 to 2.1)1.1 (0.4 to 3.1)1.1 (0.7 to 1.8)1.2 (0.6 to 2.3)1.2 (0.9 to 1.7)1.3 (0.6 to 2.8)1.4 (1.0 to 2.1)1.7 (1.0 to 2.9)1.9 (0.8 to 4.3)2.0 Not available2.1 (0.7 to 6.9)23 (1.0 to 5.6)2.4 (1.1 to 5.3)3.1 (1.4 to 6.6)3.3 (2.1 to 5.2)*The relative risks are rahked from lowest to highest within each measure ofexposure.+Rate ratios for cohort studies and odds ratios for case-control studies.Results are from an analysis using non-tumor controls.

Accepted Answer

In the accompanying table, women who did not smoke but were subjected to their spouse's involuntary…