Suppose you want to determine whether a particulargene X is important for specification of the pharynx,but mutations in this same gene disrupt embryonicdevelopment well before pharyngeal structures appear.How could you use myo-2::GFP, the myo-2 promoter,the DNA sequence of gene X, and your knowledge ofRNA interference (RNAi) to generate worms that lackgene X expression in the pharynx but express gene Xin all other tissues in which it is expressed in wildtype C. elegans?
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Suppose you want to determine whether a particular
gene X is important for specification of the pharynx,
but mutations in this same gene disrupt embryonic
development well before pharyngeal structures appear.
How could you use myo-2::GFP, the myo-2 promoter,
the DNA sequence of gene X, and your knowledge of
RNA interference (RNAi) to generate worms that lack
gene X expression in the pharynx but express gene X
in all other tissues in which it is expressed in wildtype C. elegans?
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- The transcription factor Pax6 is required continually during the life of a mouse (or a human) for the development of the retina. Homozygous Pax6 knockout mice die soon after birth because Pax6 protein is also required in essential organs, such as the pancreas. a) In order to study the role of Pax6 in eye development a researcher wants to generate a mouse that expresses Pax6 everywhere except in its eyes. Describe how you could construct such a mouse by floxing the gene. Is it possible to achieve the same end with a transgene? (Hint: think about using cDNA and RNAI) b) Suppose you want to create a mouse similar to that in part (a), but one where the eye cells from Pax6 function has been removed and now express a gene that specifies a green fluorescent protein (GFP). Marking the cells in this way will allow the investigators to see the shapes of the Pax6- eye cells more easily than if they did not express GFP. Diagram a Pax6 gene construct that would enable the researcher to do this…How can one most effectively silence the myofilament gene unc-22 in C. elegans to produce the twitching phenotype? O A. Screen thousands of strains for a spontaneous unc-22 mutation O B. Soak worms in mutagenic solutions of EMS and screen the progeny OC. Inject antisense strands of unc-22 RNA into worm ovaries, which will be taken up by germ line cells and expressed in progeny O D. Inject a high dose of unc-22 MRNA into worm ovaries, which will be taken up by germ line cells and expressed in progeny O E. Culture worms with E. coli transformed with a plasmid that codes for a dsRNA unc-22 constructYou are working with a fly hair cell developmental system. This Notch/Delta-regulated system results in clusters of cells where the central one differentiates into a specialized hair cell. To better understand this system you have tagged the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of Notch with GFP. You have done a forward genetic screen to look for mutants that have unusual phenotypes in this Notch system. The first one is a mutation in Notch itself. This mutant is in the ADAM10 cleavage site and blocks proteolysis. Draw the expected outcome for such a mutant: GFP localization and developmental outcome 24hr after differentiation. WT before differentiation WT 24 hours after differentiation
- The transcription factor Pax6 is required continuallyduring the life of a mouse (or a human) for the development and maintenance of the retina. HomozygousPax6 knockout mice die soon after birth because Pax6protein is also required in essential organs, such as thepancreas.a. In order to study the role of Pax6 in eye development, a researcher wants to generate a mouse thatexpresses Pax6 everywhere except in its eyes.Describe how you could construct such a mouse.b. Suppose the scientist wants to create a mousesimilar to that in part (a), but in which the eye cellsfrom which Pax6 function has been removed nowexpress GFP. Marking the cells in this way willallow the investigator to see the shapes of the Pax6−eye cells more easily than if they did not expressGFP. Diagram a Pax6 gene construct that wouldenable her to do this experiment.As we have learned in this chapter, the Nanos protein inhibits the translation of hunchback mRNA, lowering the concentration of Hunchback protein at the posterior end of a fruit-fly embryo and stimulating the differentiation of posterior characteristics. The results of experiments have demonstrated that the action of Nanos on hunchback mRNA depends on the presence of an 11-base sequence that is located in the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of hunchback mRNA. This sequence has been termed the Nanos response element (NRE). There are two copies of NRE in the 3′ UTR of hunchback mRNA. If a copy of NRE is added to the 3′ UTR of another mRNA produced by a different gene, that mRNA is repressed by Nanos. The repression is greater if several NREs are added. On the basis of these observations, propose a mechanism for how Nanos inhibits Hunchback translation.MyoD is a transcriptional activator that turns on theexpression of several muscle-specific genes in humancells. The Id gene product inhibits MyoD action.a. One possibility is that the Id protein directly represses the expression of these muscle-specificgenes. Explain how Id would function if it were arepressor.b. Another possibility is that Id inhibits musclespecific gene transcription indirectly, by preventingMyoD function. Explain how Id could function asan indirect repressor.c. Suppose you know the amino acid sequence ofthe Id protein. How might this information supportthe hypothesis in part (a) or in part (b)?
- Progesterone is a steroid hormone (also described as a ligand) that prepares the body for pregnancy. It binds to the progesterone receptor (PR) protein in the cytoplasm of various cells. Ligand bound PR acts as a transcriptional activator, binds to the DNA in the promoter region of several genes and leads to transcriptional activation of these genes. Ligand bound PR has been shown to increase the expression of a gene, FKBP5. You are studying the activity of wild-type (WT) and mutant PR in cells by examining expression of FKBP5. Results are obtained as shown in the figure below, where the asterisk indicates when progesterone was (or was not) added to the cells. From the results, which of the following statements can be concluded? WT PR without progesterone WT PR with progesterone Time Time mutant PR without progesterone mutant PR with progesterone Time Time The wild-type PR is unable to increase FKBP5 expression in the absence of ligand The wild-type PR increases FKBP5 expression after…Now read this abstract from a 2013 journal article What is the authors' explanation of how Gal80p works? Note UASG from the question above is the same as UASGAL The DNA-binding transcriptional activator Gal4 and its regulators Gal80 and Gal3 constitute a galactose-responsive switch for the GAL genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gal4 binds to GAL gene UASGAL. (upstream activation sequence in GAL gene pro- moter) sites as a dimer via its N-terminal domain and activates transcription via a C-terminal transcription activation domain (AD). In the absence of galactose, a Gal80 dimer binds to a dimer of Gal4, masking the Gal4AD. Galactose triggers Gal3-Gal80 interaction to rapidly initiate Gal4-mediated transcription activation. Just how Gal3 alters Gal80 to relieve Gals0 inhibition of Gal4 has been unknown, but previous analyses of Gal80 mutants suggested a possible competition between Gal3-Gal80 and Gal80 self-association interactions. Here we assayed Gal80-Gal80 interactions and tested for…Prolactin is a protein hormone that, among other things, enables mammals to produced milk. Prolactin is secreted from cells in the pituitary gland in response to eating, mating, ovulation, and nursing. a. Prolactin is encoded by the PRL A segment of the PRL gene and its regulatory regions are shown below. The +1 site (*) and part of the promoter (#) of PRL are indicated. What is the PRL mRNA transcribed from the PRL gene? 5'-AAGCCGACCGGATATACGACGCCATGAACATGACAGGATCGCCATGG-3' 3'-TTCGGCTGGCCTATATGCTGCGGTACTTGTACTGTCCTAGCGGTACC-5' #### * b. What is the 5'-UTR of PRL? c. Using the mRNA you transcribed in part a, what are the first 8 amino acids of prolactin that are translated? cis face trans face MTOC Rough ER Golgi complex Cell membrane c. In what organelle is prolactin glycosylated? What motor protein would be used to transport prolactin from the rough ER to this organelle? d. Where does exocytosis occur? What motor protein would be used to transport prolactin from the site of its…
- Direct mutagenesis of Ca2+ ATPase gene resulted in the replacement of two amino acid residues - Asn111 and Asn114 to Ala. These substitutions led to the reduction in Ca2+ transport activity by 10% and 50%, respectively. On the other hand, directed mutagenesis that resulted in the alteration of four Glu residues in the lumenal loop of this transport protein to Ala, did not affect the Ca2+ transport. Provide the possible explanation for the observed differences in the Ca2+ transport activity between the protein with Asn->Ala substitution and the protein with Glu->Ala substitution.Understanding why these receptors are present when they are not supposed to be is important in finding new treatments for Cushing's syndrome. When the sequences for the promoters for the receptor genes were analyzed there was no common sequences found. This led to the theory that the loss of methylation of cytosine in the promoters of these genes was leading to their inappropriate expression. How could the loss of cytosine methylation lead to overexpression of the receptor genes? O a. Increased histone acetyltransferase activity O b. Decreased histone deacetylase activity Oc Decreased histone acetyltransferase activity O d. Increased histone deacetylase activityIn the experiment below, mice were treated with a virus that inhibited expression of angiopoietin 2, MMP3 and MMP10 in the lung or with a control virus (Mock). Breast cancer cells that express the gene luciferase were then injected into the mammary glands of the mice. The metstasis of the tumors to the lungs could then be measured by imaging the presence of luciferase in the lungs. In 5-6 sentences, explain the data below and why knockout of Angpt2, MMP3 and MMP10 appears to inhibit metstastasis.