Suppose the economy is in a boom in which real GDP is greater than potential GDP. T'he rate of inflation, however, remains at the target level set by the Fed. Suppose that financial markets are convinced that higher inflation is imminent and, in agreement, the Fed decides to increase interest rates. (a) Illustrate the change in Fed policy with a monetary policy rule diagram.
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- a) Consider an AD-AS model with Static Expectations. Show how changes in monetary policy generate short-run movements in output. (b) Consider an AD-AS model with Rational Expectations. Show how changes in the unanticipated component of monetary policy generate short-run movements in output. (c) Explain how overlapping wage contracts generate persistence in output when there are monetary policy shocks.An economy's aggregate demand curve (the relationship between short-run equilibrium output and inflation) is described by the equation:Y = 15,000 - 12,000π, where π is the inflation rate. Initially, the inflation rate is 2 percent or π = 0.02. Potential output Yp equals 14,640.Note: Keep as much precision as possible during your calculations. Your final answer for inflation should be accurate to at least two decimal places and output should be accurate to the nearest whole number.a) Find inflation and output in short-run equilibrium. Inflation : 0%Output : $0 b) Find inflation and output in long-run equilibrium. Inflation : 0%Output : $0Suppose Bangladesh Bank (BB) decided to follow the Taylor rule to conduct monetary policy. BB's target interest rate is the lending rate. The economists in BB understands that there will be some time lag for their policy to be effective and therefore they use a forecasted or expected inflation rate (instead of current inflation rate) in their policy rule. BB is equally concerned about output and inflation. According to BB's estimate the equilibrium real lending rate is 5 percent. BB's inflation target is 3 percent and the deviation of actual output from the potential output (as measured by the HP filter) is 1 percent.a. If the expected inflation rate is 6%, then at what target should the lending rate be set according to the Taylor rule?
- (a) Differentiate between price setting behavior of firms with flexible prices and sticky price structure. (b) Discuss whether the monetary policy can capably create real effects under the following scenarios or not: 1) Wage structure in the labor market is flexible and labors have complete information about the general price level. 2) Wage structure in the labor market is flexible but labors hold imperfect information about general price level. 3) Wage structure in the labor market is rigid but labors hold complete information about general price level. 4) Monetary policy is announced on the 1st of April, while all firms are supposed to change their prices on the 15th of April. 5) Monetary policy is announced on the 1st of April, while half of the firms sets their price on 1st of April and other half on 15th of April.Question 6 Read parts (i) to (iii) before answering. Answer all three parts on a single diagram. Assume that the economy experiences no change in productivity, money demand or its natural rate of unemployment in either the short or long run. The inflation rate responds immediately to correspond to the money supply growth rate. However, wage inflation adjusts to changes in the inflation rate with a time lag. (i) Draw a diagram with inflation on the vertical axis and the unemployment rate on the horizontal axis that illustrates the Phillips curve relationship in the short run. Label the curve as PC1. Mark a point N on the horizontal axis that represents the natural rate of unemployment. (ii) Assume that the economy is initially on the curve PC1 at the natural rate of unemployment, with a 5 % rate of increase in the money supply and a 5% inflation rate. Mark point A on the curve PC1 which you would expect to observe if there was an unexpected increase in the rate of growth of the…Assume the Canadian economy is currently in recession and the government budget is in deficit. (a) Draw a single correctly labeled graph with both the short-run and long-run Phillips curves for the Canadian economy. Label the current short-run equilibrium as point X. (b) Assume the government increases its deficit spending to restore full employment. What effect will this have on real interest rates in Canada? Explain. (c) Based on your answer to part (b), what will happen to financial capital flows to Canada? (d) Canada and Norway are major trading partners. The exchange rate between the Canadian dollar and Norway’s currency, the krone, is determined in a flexible foreign exchange market. Draw a correctly labeled graph of the foreign exchange market for the Canadian dollar, and show the effect of the change in real interest rates identified in part (b) on the equilibrium exchange rate of the Canadian dollar. (e) Given your answer to part (d), what will happen to the international…
- Assume the Canadian economy is currently in recession and the government budget is in deficit. (a) Draw a single correctly labeled graph with both the short-run and long-run Phillips curves for the Canadian economy. Label the current short-run equilibrium as point X. (b) Assume the government increases its deficit spending to restore full employment. What effect will this have on real interest rates in Canada? Explain. (c) Based on your answer to part (b), what will happen to financial capital flows to Canada?true or false Suppose that the central bank lost credibility in the sense that people no longer believe its inflation target (that is, inflation expectations are not `anchored’). In this case, both short-run output and long-run output do not increase in response to a permanently higher inflation target.Fiscal and Monetary Policies Consider that the elasticity of both inflation gap and unemployment gap equal to 0,5, by using Taylor rule answer the following questions: i) What should the Central Bank do if the current inflation rate is 2% higher than the target? ii) What should the central bank do if the unemployment rate is 4% higher than the natural rate? iii) Based on your answers to the above point (i) and (ii), provide a general conclusion regarding the Central Bank’s strategy facing the various macroeconomic conditions.
- (a) Suppose that, in a liquidity trap, bank reserves are less liquid than government debt. If the central bank conducts an open market sale of government debt, what will be the effect on the price level? Use a diagram, explain your results. (b) Suppose that there is a decrease in the price of housing, which the central bank judges is a temporary asset price decrease. In the New Keynesian model, determine the central bank's optimal response to this asset price increase, using diagrams. (c) Suppose initially that inflation is at the central bank's target and the output gap is zero. Then, government spending goes up. Determine, with the aid of diagrams, how the degree of price stickiness affects the central bank's optimal response and explain your results.part-a: Explain the quantity theory of money. How does the quantity theory of money relate to Milton Friedman’s famous statement that “Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon?” part-b: In the “Classical Theory of Inflation”, what determines the price level and the value of money? Explain using a supply and demand plot. part-c: Now using your supply and demand plot from part-b of this question, illustrate the impact of an expansionary monetary policy on the inflation rate and the price level. For full credit, also do explain how the transition process works from the initial equilibrium to the final equilibrium. part-d: What is meant by the phrase “Money is neutral in the long run”? (in other words, what is monetary neutrality?). Explain by using the quantity equation part-e: What is the Fisher equation? What relationship does it represent?Consider the same economy as in the previous question with the supply of money fixed at $2000. Now suppose there is a shift in the money demand equation such that households in aggregate desire to hold an additional $150 in cash balances for any given level of interest rates. (a) Calculate the effect this has on the equilibrium interest rate (to two decimal places). (b) What would the central bank have to do to offset this effect?