. Chained variable-sized buffers ii. One large circular buffer per connection
Q: escribe the following buffering mechanism in a reliable transport protocol i. Chained variable-sized…
A: Reliable Transport protocol: A protocol that (attempts to) provide reliability on a best-effort…
Q: What are two justifications for the usage of layered protocols?
A: The two justifications for the usage of layered protocols are:-
Q: Write the answer of each of the following questions in brief with respect to OSI layer model:…
A: Given: Write the answer of each of the following questions in brief with respect to OSI layer model:…
Q: How many fragments are generated? What are their characteristics (i.e. what are the flags and offset…
A: 1) Answer : The datagram was 3500 bytes , substract 20 bytes leaves 3480 bytes. with mtu…
Q: What are the two primary reasons for the usage of layered protocols?
A: 1) Protocol is an established set of rules that determine how data is transmitted between different…
Q: Design an appropriate VLSM addressing scheme for the topology. Maximize the number of host addresses…
A: Since Box A requires 60 hosts and Box B has the requirement of 28 hosts. So minimum number of host…
Q: 4.2-4. Longest prefix matching. Consider the following forwarding table below. Indicate the output…
A: “Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three sub-parts…
Q: The following are, in your view, the two most compelling arguments in favor of the adoption of…
A: The answer :
Q: What is meant by collision free protocols ?
A: first lets understand what is collision: when in an computer network, two or more stations attempt…
Q: The seeming overhead of copying occurring at each tier is a major complaint to layered protocols.…
A: Layered Protocols: When transmitting data between distant servers, a layered protocol architecture…
Q: MAC protocols for an access network with N nodes continuously producing data at a constant rate of x…
A: Given: MAC protocols for an access network with N nodes continuously producing data at a constant…
Q: ARP and RARP both map addresses from one space to another. In this respect, they are similar.…
A: ARP is Address Resolution Protocol and RARP is Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, these two…
Q: What are the two most compelling reasons for using layered protocols?
A: Introduction: The two most compelling reasons for using layered protocols are :
Q: Write the answer of each of the following questions in brief with respect to OSI layer model: 1.…
A: I have provided a perfect match for each question below.
Q: What suppositions underlie the creation of Elementary data link protocols?
A: Start: Protocols in the data link layer are made so that this layer can do its main jobs, which are…
Q: In distributed systems, what is the term for synchronisation? What's the point? In distributed…
A: let us see the answer:- Introduction:- A distributed system is a group of computers that are linked…
Q: Explain why the following claim should be accepted as true: When compared to a two-channel system…
A: Given: Customers' origins and the whole procedure are two components of the total. When there are…
Q: What are the benefits of employing a read-only domain controller (also known as a RODC), and what…
A: We need to mention the benefits and drawbacks of employing a read-only domain controller.
Q: List the major disadvantages with the layered approach to protocols.
A: What is a network protocol?In networking, a protocol is a set of rules for formatting and processing…
Q: One of the main objections to layered protocols arises from the apparent overhead – copying occurs…
A: Please find the answer to the above question below:
Q: In a network scenario, access link rate is 2 Mbps, RTT from the company router to server is 2 sec…
A: Using the access of link = (18 requests/sec) * (100 Kbps) / (2 Mbps) = 0.9 Following are the…
Q: DESCRIBE THE FIRST LAYER OF BLOCK CHAIN?
A: Daniel Drescher in Blockchain Basics defines blockchain as a two-layer software system; application…
Q: a. Buffering at router is required when datagrams arrive from fabric faster than the transmission…
A: The answer is
Q: What are the two most compelling reasons to use layered protocols?
A: Introduction: Layered protocols: These protocols are typically represented as a series of layers,…
Q: What does the term "connection status information" imply in the context of a virtual circuit…
A: A virtual circuit identification (VCI) is carried inside the header of packets that belong to this…
Q: What are the two main reasons for layered protocols?
A: Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules and practices that govern the exchange of information…
Q: What are the most compelling reasons for using layered protocols?
A: Introduction: Layered Protocols: A protocol is a set of rules and practices that describe how two…
Q: Give some details of how you might augment the sliding window protocol with flow control by having…
A:
Q: 8 X 8 Router, where each input runs at 5 Gbps. Assume, the average RTT = 160 msec. What is the rule…
A: Given , 8 X 8 Router Input speed = 5 Gbps (giga bytes per second) = 5 × 103 Bytes/sec. RTT = 160…
Q: What is the big problem with shared memory IPC mechanisms
A: Actually, IPC stands for Inter Process Communication.
Q: How does the transport layer tell the difference between different data segments?
A: Given How does the transport layer tell the difference between different data segments?
Q: Subject: Networking Question: Describe the following buffering mechanism in a reliable transport…
A: If the buffer size is to be greater than the minimum segment size, several buffers for the large…
Q: Q. How many layers are present in the OSI Model? A. 5 B. 7 C. 6 D. 10
A: The communications between computing systems are divided into seven abstraction layers in the OSI…
Q: escribe the following buffering mechanism in a reliable transport protocol i. Chained…
A: Reliable Transport protocol: A protocol that (attempts to) provide reliability on a best-effort…
Q: How many layers are there in the OSI reference model? A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8
A: The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a reasonable structure used to portray the…
Q: If there is wide variation in the TCP segment size , it is natural to organize the buffers as a pool…
A: TCP stands for Transmission control protocol which operates at transport layer and is a connection…
Q: Which two reasons support multilayer protocols? Please give proof.
A: Intro A protocol is a collection of rules and conventions defining how information between the two…
Q: In the layered architecture each layer consists of highly components. A disadvantage of the layered…
A: Actually, In a layered architecture what happens unmanageable tasks are divided into several small…
Q: a) Explain the functionality of transport layer in an OSI reference model. Further, state two…
A: a) Explain the functionality of transport layer in an OSI reference model.Further ,state two…
Q: What is the efficiency if a 100-byte file is transmitted using Ethernet? A 10,000-byte file?
A: Given Data : File Size(M) = 100 Byte Bandwidth(B) = 10Mbps Formula : Efficiency = Throughtput /…
Q: (b) Transferring files from one computer to another need to be done With help of TCP protocol and by…
A: Different types of steps involved during data transfer
Q: Explain why the following allegation should be believed: A single-channel system has a wait time…
A: Introduction: System of waiting lines: It is divided into two sections: the origin of the consumers…
Q: Please answer as substantial as possible. What is the importance of drafting these following…
A: The importance of drafting the Data gathering protocol A data collection protocol describes the…
Q: Consider the pros and cons of connectionless protocols as a potential substitute for…
A: Answer: Pros of connection-based protocols : It is very reliable. Every one of the bundles follows…
Q: Give some details of how you might augment the sliding window protocol with flow control by having…
A: The question has been answered in step2
Subject:
Note: Answer this according to "Attached Picture's Diagram and contents"
Question: Describe the following buffering
i. Chained variable-sized buffers
ii. One large circular buffer per connection
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps with 2 images
- Problem DescriptionThe Tower of Hanoi ProblemTower of Hanoi is a mathematical game consisting of three pegs (P1, P2 and P3) and a stack of disks of different diameters. Disks can slide onto any peg. The game starts with all disks stacked on P1 and ends at the point where all disks stacked on P3. The game player is required to move all disks from P1 to P3 using P2 as a buffer. Three rules must be followed when playing the game(1) Only one disk may be moved at a time.(2) Each move involves taking a disk on the top of a peg and place it on the top of another peg. (3) A disk of a larger diameter should never be placed on top of a disk of a smaller diameter. The diagrams below demonstrate the starting state and goal state of the game with 5 disks.Starting state Goal stateP1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P32RequirementsIn this assignment, students are required to solve the Tower of Hanoi (with five disks) using state space search algorithms implemented in Python.Two state space search algorithms: (1) a blind…Modify code Write a C program to simulate producer-consumer problem using semaphores. TASK: DESCRIPTION Producer-consumer problem, is a common paradigm for cooperating processes. A producer process produces information that is consumed by a consumer process. One solution to the producer-consumer problem uses shared memory. To allow producer and consumer processes to run concurrently, there must be available a buffer of items that can be filled by the producer and emptied by the consumer. This buffer will reside in a region of memory that is shared by the producer and consumer processes. A producer can produce one item while the consumer is consuming another item. The producer and consumer must be synchronized, so that the consumer does not try to consume an item that has not yet been produced. 12.3PROGRAM #include<stdio.h> void main() { int buffer[10], bufsize, in, out, produce, consume, choice=0; in = 0; out = 0; bufsize = 10; while(choice !=3) { printf(“\n1. Produce \t 2.…For this MPI Times Table Program please create a program(C++) that runs on N processes to create a N-1xN-1 times table that behaves in the following way:• Process 0 will: Receive one vector of size N-1 from each of the other N-1 processes and outputtheir contents, starting with process 1 and ending with process N.• Processes 1-N will: Send one vector of size N-1 to process 0 containing the first N-1 multiples ofits own process number.
- me remaining: 00:09:34 Computer Science Create a MPI version of the program below that uses a striped decomposition. Each process is responsible for some number of columns of the square and also maintains two columns of ghost cells to mirror the columns on the neighboring processes. The ghost cells are needed in order to update the cells along the process boundary. At each time step, a ghost cell exchange takes place, then the update takes place. #include <stdlib.h> #include <assert.h> #include "anim.h" const int n = 200; // number of discrete points including endpoints int nstep = 200000; // number of time steps int wstep = 400; // time between writes to file const double m = 100.0; // initial temperature of rod interior const int h0 = n/2 - 2, h1 = n/2 + 2; // endpoints of heat source const double k = 0.2; // diffusivity constant char * filename = "diff2d.anim"; // name of file to create double ** u, ** u_new; // two copies of the temperature function ANIM_File…Operating sys :In the following producer and consumer problem using semaphores, explain with an example (semaphore values), how a producer sends a signal to a consumer, so that the consumer does not have to check the buffer all the time. /*program, Producer/Consumer */ semaphore n = 0; /* no of items in the buffer */ semaphore s = 1; /* ME semaphore */ void Producer () { while(TRUE) { produce(); wait(s); append(); signal(s); signal(n); } } void Consumer () { while(TRUE) { wait(n); wait(s); take(); signal(s); consume(); } }Cooperating Processes: Select all of the following statements that are true. The bounded buffer solution to the producer-consumer problem discussed in class allows at most BUFFERSIZE-1 items in the buffer at the same time. Ordinary (unnamed) pipes provide a solution for unidirectional communication between related processes. A process is not able to create a pipe to itself. A solution for inter-process communication always relies on approaches for message passing. A process is cooperating if it can affect or be affected by the other processes executing in the system. At the Unix command level, it is possible to use pipes to channel the output of one command into another.
- Note: c language Code plzz An operating system uses the banker’s algorithm for deadlock avoidance when managing the allocation of three resource types X, Y and Z to three processes P0, P1 and P2. The table given below presents the current system state. Here, the Allocation matrix shows the current number of resources of each type allocated to each process and the Max matrix shows the maximum number of resources of each type required by each process during its execution There are 3 units of type X, 2 units of type Y and 2 units of type Z still available. The system is currently in safe state. Consider the following independent requests for additional resources in the current state- REQ1: P0 requests 0 units of X, 0 units of Y and 2 units of Z REQ2: P1 requests 2 units of X, 0 units of Y and 0 units of Z Write a program to check whether: Only REQ1 can be permitted Only REQ2 can be permitted Both REQ1 and REQ2 can be permitted Neither REQ1 nor REQ2 can be permittedSecurity: 1. Buffer overflow A C code example for Buffer Overflow is below: #include #define BUFFER SIZE 256 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char buffer[BUFFER SIZE]; if (argc <2) return -1; else { } strcpy(buffer,argv[1]); return 0; } (a) Explain the C code here on what it is doing. (b) Explain why buffer overflow may happen (c) Explain how you can modify the code to avoid buffer overflow.What is the effect on the cost of merging runs if the number of buffer blocks per run is increased, while keeping overall memory available for buffering runs fixed?
- A disk has a capacity of two tera-byte size. Say the file system uses a multi-level inode structure for locating the data blocks of afile.The inode stores pointers to data blocks, including a single indirect block, a double indirect block, and several direct blocks in the 64 B of available space.Now, it is given that the disk has a block size of 512 B. The maximum file size that can be stored in such a file system in MB (round off upto 2 decimal places).sector of the tile, if t is stored n a contiguous mannerAssume that a virtual memory is managed using a buffer pool. The buffer pool contains five buffersand each buffer stores one block of data. Memory accesses are bydiskblock ID. Assume thefollowing series of memory accesses takes place: 5 2 5 1 2 3 6 5 9 3 2 4 1 5 9 8 1 5 3 7 2 5 9 1 0 4 6 8 5. For each of the following buffer pool replacement strategies, show the contents of the buffer poolat the end of the series, and indicate how many times a block was found in the buffer pool (insteadof being readinto memory). Assume that the buffer pool is initially empty. a. First in, first out. b. Least frequently used (with counts kept only for blocks currently in memory, counts for a pageare lost when that page is removed, and the oldest item with smallestcount is removed whenthere is a tie). c. Least frequently used (with counts kept for all blocks, and the oldest item with the smalles d.Least recently used