Studies show that, historically, a certain city is hit by a tornado about every 5 years. (a) Based on the historical record, what is the empiral probability that the city will be hit by a tornado next year? (b) What is the probability that the city will be hit by a tornado in two consecutive years? (c) What is the probability that the city will be hit by at least one tornado in the next 11 years?

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Introduction to Engineering Design

Students are often confused with engineering and design. The term engineering design has two words with different meanings, engineering, and design. The term engineering implies applications of laws and principles of science to design and analyze physical structures and components. In civil engineering, students apply the concept of physics and chemistry to design and build structures and buildings. In engineering disciplines, the term design means determining the dimensions, loads, and associated influences on the component due to the applied loads such as stresses and deformations. The estimation of such parameters is crucial to make the component or structure foolproof.