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- 4. A patient with food indigestion has been screened and diagnosed with steatorrhea (the excretion of abnormal quantities of fat with the feces owing to reduced absorption of fat by the intestine). What are the causes and consequences of the steatorrhea? For the answer: a) draw the scheme of TAG digestion; b) explain the role of the pancreas in dietary lipid digestion; c) make a scheme of dietary TAG assimilation up to the step of chylomicron formation; d) list the dietary recommendation for that particular patient.5. The inflammation associated with atrophic gastritis and a damage to the stomach lining causes digestive problems; nutrient deficiencies are observed as well. Patients suffer from weight loss, vomiting, lack of appetite, nausca, iron deficiency anemia, pain in the stomach. Why these symptoms occur in damaged protein digestion in the stomach? For the answer: a) point out the valuc of gastric juice pH in healthy pcople; b) specify functions of HCI; c) describe which peptidase takes part in protein digestion in stomach: peculia- rity of its activation and specificity.1.A patient with chronic pancreatitis and hence decreased secretory function of pancreas was prescribed an enzymatic drug «Enzystal» before each meal. Explain this prescription. For that: a)Name pansreatic enzymes, participating in digestion of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. What is their pH optimum and how is it reached in duodenum? b) Draw the scheme representing the cascade of activation of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes. Indicate the mechanism ofactivation and its reversability c)Why are proteolytic enzymes secreted by pancreas in inactive form? d)What recommendations on diet can be given to this patient?
- 3. Clinicians work on the case of a patient with chronic pancreatitis. This disease leads to insufficient secretion of the pancreatic juice into the small intestine. What changes in the dietary lipid processing that discase will cause? For the answer: a) draw the reactions of TAG digestion and the conditions they require; b) list all possible consequences of lipid indigestion; c) list the essential lipid compounds that would have a faulty absorption due to this discase; d) name the other detrimental causes of lipid indigestion and malabsorption.3. The gall stones were found in the patient by the upper abdominal ultrasound investigation. Explain the causes of the gall stones formation. For that: a) describe the composition of bile and the functions of the main bile compounds; b) draw the scheme of the bile salts synthesis and conjugation; c) describe the fate of secondary bile salts and their function in cholesterol metabolism; d) explain the way of the gall bladder stones formation.nere digestive čéllš an rough body fluid. IV. Match the reasons with the situations indicated below: A) The epiglottis failed to close the trachea B) Peristaltic movement in the esophagus become slow C) Fats, proteins and cellulose are the hardest to digest D) Lower esophageal sphincter did not contract E) Undigested food stays too long in the large intestine 16. Always constipated. 17. Most likely happened when a person chocked while eating. 18. Cause of heart burn or pain in the chest but not related to the heart. 19. Happens when you swallow and you feel the bolus is stuck in the chest. 20. Reason why the food expelled when you vomit an hour after eating is just meat or vegetables, no rice or bread.
- 1. Which of the following yields nutrients? State the reason. a.) bolus b.) chyme c.) feces 2. Describe the autonomic innervation of the lower GI tract.1. Why is the new diet prescribed? (What is believed to be his problem?)Mr. Gutteman’s problem continues despite the diet change. In fact, thefrequency of diarrhea increases and by the end of the next day, he iscomplaining of severe abdominal pain. Again, he is asked some questions to probe his condition. One is whether he has traveled outside the countryrecently. He has not, reducing the possibility of infection with Shigella bacteria, which is associated with poor sanitation. Other questions: ● Do you drink alcohol and how much? (Response: “Little or none.”) ● Have you recently eaten raw eggs or a salad containing mayonnaise at a gathering?(Response: “No.”) ● Are there certain foods that seem to precipitate these attacks? (Response: “Yes, when I have coffee and a sandwich.”) 2. On the basis of these responses, what do you think Mr. Gutteman’s diarrhea might stem from? How will it be diagnosed and treated?17A hiatal hernia that disrupts the functional relationship between a smooth muscle in the esophagus and that the stomach would be most likely to increase the frequency of? A) gastric reflux B) premature entry of food into that one C) excess secretion of Pepsinogen D) increase stomach pH E) retention of food in the stomach
- What agent is the number one cause ofgastrointestinal illness? What is the causative agentof vCJD? How does the structure of this agent differfrom that of the agent of noro foodborne illness?27 The low pH of the stomach enhances chemical absorption, particularly nutrient absorption A True B) False ContinueExplain how each of the following conditions causes anintestinal obstruction: (1) intussusception; (2) adhesion; (3)inguinal hernia