Sone experiments implicate normal mitochondrial ATP synthase activity in longevity in C. elegans. Other experiments suggest that curcumin, an ingredient in turmeric, rejuvenates mouse and fly cells by targeting the ATP synthase in the cells! What does this spicy news suggest to you (see ATP Synthase, Aging and Alzheimer's Disease B)?

Sone experiments implicate normal mitochondrial ATP synthase activity in longevity in C. elegans. Other experiments suggest that curcumin, an ingredient in turmeric, rejuvenates mouse and fly cells by targeting the ATP synthase in the cells! What does this spicy news suggest to you (see ATP Synthase, Aging and Alzheimer's Disease B)?

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter27: Metabolic Integration And Organ Specialization

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 20P: Figure 27.3 illustrates the response of R (ATP-regenerating) and U (ATP-utilizing) enzymes to energy...

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The electron-transport chain consists of a number of multi protein complexes, which work in conjunction to pass electrons from an electron carrier, such as NADH, to O2. What is the role of these complexes in ATP synthesis? It has been demonstrated that respiration supercomplexes contain all the protein components necessary for respiration. Why is this beneficial for ATP synthesis, and what is one way that the existence of super complexes has been demonstrated experimentally? Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is not a protein, but a small, hydrophobic molecule. Why is it important for the functioning of the electron transport chain that CoQ is a hydrophobic molecule?
Consider 3 molecules of galactose: (write only the whole number; no decimal places) How many turns of Krebs Cycle will these molecules undergo for complete oxidation? b. How many moles of ATP are produced upon complete oxidation via malate-aspartate shuttle? c. If all the galactose molecules oxidize via pentose phosphate pathway (oxidative stage only), how many moles of NADPH will be produced?
1) Trypanosomes living in the bloodstream obtain all their energy from glycolysis. They take up glucose from the host’s blood and excrete pyruvate as a waste product. In this part of their life cycle, trypanosomes do not carry out any oxidative phosphorylation, but they do use another oxygen-dependent pathway, which is absent in mammals, to oxidize NADH. a. Why is the oxygen-dependent pathway necessary? b. Would this pathway be necessary if the trypanosome excreted lactate rather than pyruvate? c. Why would the oxygen-dependent pathway be a good target for antiparasitic drugs?
About the process of industrial production of ethanol by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mark the correct alternatives: (a) the cells must be cultured in anaerobic conditions to activate the metabolic pathway of ethanol production (b). the presence of oxygen is required to allow regeneration of the NAD+ cofactor (c). good oxygenation of the medium is important to favor the formation of greater amounts of ATP (d).the production of ethanol is always accompanied by the formation of glycerol (e). the sugar present in the culture medium is completely oxidized to CO2 and water
Some of the biochemical reactions of GLYCOLYSIS are known to have a positive deltaG0, e.g. the cleavage of a 6 carbon compound into two, three-carbon molecules. ONE reason these types of reactions proceed in the forward direction in cells is that...  A. hydrogen ions are allowed to flow down their concentration gradient to power the reaction. B. ... NADH is oxidized to NAD+ to power the reaction. C. ... products of the reactions are kept at low concentrations due to their rapid use in downstream reactions with negaive deltaG’s. D. ... ADP is phosphorylated to ATP to power the reaction.
Sonicating a suspension of mitochondria produces submitochondrial particles derived from the innermitochondrial membrane. These membranous vesicles seal inside out, so that the intermembrane space of themitochondria becomes the lumen of the submitochondrial particle. Explain (or diagram) the process of electrontransfer and oxidative phosphorylation in these particles. Assuming all the substrates for oxidativephosphorylation are present in excess, does ATP synthesis increase or decrease with an increase in the pH ofthe fluid in which the submitochondrial particles are suspended? Why?
7) The following questions apply to glycolysis (figure 3-41 on page 79 of the 12th edition), the Krebs cycle (figure 3-44 on page 82) and to oxidative phosphorylation (figure 3-45 on page 84). Calculate the total amount of ATP produced from one glucose molecule if: a. The oxidation of NADH + H* to NAD* + 2H* produced 4 ATP. b. The oxidation of FADH₂ to FAD + 2H* produced 1 ATP. c. Each step of the Krebs cycle that produces NADH+H* produced FADH2 instead. d. Each step of the Krebs cycle that produces FADH2 produced NADH + H+ instead. e. Sucrose is substituted for glucose.
Use your knowledge of fat metabolism, glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to determine how many molecules of ATP equivalents are produced when glycerol undergoes biochemical combustion. Assume that each molecule of NADH produces 2.5 ATP and that each molecule of FADH2 produces 1.5 molecules of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. Note that GTP is an ATP "equivalent." A. 14.5 B. 17 C. 19.5 O D.20.5
Biochemists working with isolated mitochondria recognize five energy "states" of mitochondria, depending on the presence or absence of essential substrates for respiration-O, ADP, oxidizable substrates, and so forth. The characteristics of each state are: state 1: mitochondria alone (in buffer containing P;) state 2: mitochondria + substrate, but respiration low due to lack of ADP
1. Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol are all inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochon- dria. Provide an explanation to the following conditions regarding these potent inhibitors. (a) Explain why adding cyanide to an active in vitro suspension of mitochondria blocks ATP synthesis. What happens to the rate of ATP synthesis when 2,4-dinitrophenol is added to this mitochon- drial suspension after it was treated with cyanide? (b) Explain why the rate of oxygen consumption decreases in an in vitro suspension of mito- chondria when oligomycin is added. What happens to the rate of oxygen consumption in this oligomycin- inhibited system after adding 2,4-dinitrophenol? Explain.
Briefly, explain why the transfer of electrons from NADH to the ETC results in the production of more ATP molecules than are produced as a result of the transfer of electrons from FADH2?
DCCD (diocyclohexylcarbodiimide) inhibits oxidative phosphorylation when the substrate is mitochondrial NADH. DCCD is a drug that binds to ATP synthase and blocks proton transport through the ion channel. a) Explain what the consequences of DCCD on cellular energy production are. b) Suggest at least one other cellular effect of DCCD and explain this effect.