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![Question 3
Describe the production of X-rays by a rotating anode tube. Explain the advantages of using a
rotating anode compared to a fixed anode.
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- Question 4 a) Explain the importance of reducing exposure dose and time to a patient undergoing a diagnostic X-ray examination. Describe ways to achieve this. b) Calculate the wavelength of the most energetic X-rays produced by tube operating at pd of [1.4]Question 5 a) Explain the general diagnostic principles using radiopharmaceuticals by which medical images may obtained. b) Describe the use of technetium-99m-MDP. c) Describe the use of 1251 radioisotope. [Suggested word count 270] [2.2]NMR is considered a low-sensitivity spectroscopic technique. What is the physical basis of NMR's insensitivity?
- What is the difference between Raman Spectroscopy and SERS ( Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy).The Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) technique offers greater sensitivity compared to other conventional spectroscopy techniques. Explain the underlying mechanism of this.Which of the following scientists use this X-ray crystallography?
- SpectroscopyA doctor referred a patient to have a SPECT scan using a specific radiotracer. Thatradiotracer was not available in the lab, but another radiotracer with the same emittedphoton energy and half-life was available. Should the technician make the substitution?Explain.Question 8 a) Explain what is meant by "somatic effects" of radiation exposure. b) Explain how the somatic effects of radiation may vary with the level of exposure an individual receives. c) Explain what is meant by "hereditary effects" of radiation exposure. [Suggested word count 200] [3.2]
- “Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and UV-Vis spectroscopy is similar in principles”. Do you agree with this statement? Explain briefly.Consider a bi convex lens with radius of curvatures |R1| = 30 mm and |R2| = 180 mm, ct = 5 mm and glass is N-BK7. This is used as camera lens in order to image a man who is at 1 km away from the camera. We want to resolve 10 cm on his body. Assume that λ = 550 nm. Using zemax, determine the MTF value for the resolution of R = 80 lp / mm in image plane which is placed at paraxial focus. (Hint: First, find the diameter of the lens) Which one: a.32.1 % b.28.7 % c.12.3 % d.58.5 % e.46.8 % f.57.2 % g.20.9 % h.15.6 %You may want to use this resource for this problem. If you do, submit the output along with your solution.You have been given a confocal microscope equipped with the following lasers, excitation filters, andemission filters:Laser Emission filter355 nm 410-470 nm405 nm 470-500 nm488 nm 500-550 nm532 nm 570-610 nm561 nm 610-650 nm640 nm 660-700 nm808 nm 720-780 nmYour task is to design an experiment to visualize the following:1. Nuclei2. A fluorescent protein in the cytosol3. A cell membrane marker antibody conjugated with a fluorophore4. Actin filaments5. LysosomesYou may choose from the following fluorophores for each of the five channels:Nuclei Fluorescent protein Membrane marker Actin marker Lysosome trackerDAPI GFP FITC AF488 Phalloidin LysoTracker RedHoechst 33342 YFP WGA-TRITC AF568 Phalloidin LysoTracker DeepRedSYTO Deep Red RFP Cy7 AF594 Phalloidin LysoTracker Blue Part 3.1Choose appropriate fluorophores for each of the subcellular structures to be imaged, taking into…
