Photoreceptor cells form glutamatergic synapses onto bipolar cells and when photoreceptor cells are depolarized the release of glutamate into the synapse is increased. One class of bipolar cells, (called OFF bipolar cells) have excitatory glutamate receptors in their post-synaptic specialization. What happens to the membrane potential of OFF bipolar cells when photoreceptors are illuminated?
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- Help meLet’s say the synapses of a neuron’s dendrites are filled with glutamate-gated channels which, when activated by glutamate, cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in the neuron. In one instance, glutamate is released at all of the synapses simultaneously and this leads to an action potential in the neuron. A) What type of summation of PSPs is this? Why? B) List the sequence of steps that occur starting from binding of glutamate to the glutamate-gated channels at the synapses and ending with the membrane potential at the axon hillock returning to resting potential at the end of the action potential. (Include all the changes in voltage-gated channels underlying the action potential.)Assume presynaptic excitatory neuron A terminates on a postsynaptic cell near the axon hillock and presynaptic excitatory neuron B terminates on the same postsynaptic cell on a dendrite located on the side of the cell body opposite the axon hillock. Explain why rapid firing of presynaptic neuron A could bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold through temporal summation, thus initiating an action potential, whereas firing of presynaptic neuron B at the same frequency and the same magnitude of EPSPs may not bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold. thanks a lot in advance:)
- You generate action potentials in a neuron bathed in solution in a petri dish by applying a threshold-level depolarizing stimulus near its axon hillock. If the solution surrounding the neuron contained 5mM K+, 150 mM Na+, and 0 mM Ca2+ which of the following would you expect? The neuron would not be able to propagate action potentials down the entire length of the axon The neuron would not release neurotransmitter from the axon terminal The neurons action potentials would have an unusually long duration The neuron would have a resting membrane potential of zeroSome postsynaptic synapses are called silent synapses due to the lack of AMPA receptors. Why do those synapses not have a synaptic response at the resting membrane potential? Explain under what conditions you would still be able to detect a postsynaptic response from those silent synapses.When an impulse arrives at the synapse, the synaptic vesicles open and release neurotransmitters into the cleft within a thousandth of a second. Within another ten thousandth of a second, these molecules have diffused across the cleft and bound to receptor sites in the effector cell. In what two ways is transmission across a synapse terminated so that the neuron’s signal is concluded?
- Regardless of type, all neurons transfer signals between each other or to effectors (muscles or glands) at a synapse. The neuromuscular junction that we talked about with the muscular system is one example of a synapse. The diagram below shows the general features of a synapse Match each term or description with the appropriate letter in the diagram. You may use terms more than once. 1. Synaptic knob in axon terminal of pre-synaptic cell: 2. Synaptic cleft: 3. Neurotransmitter: 4. Dendrite of post-synaptic cell: 5. Cell body of post-synaptic cell: 6. Receptor in plasma membrane of post-synaptic cell: 7. Chemical released by neurons that stimulates or inhibits other neurons, muscles, or glands: 8. Cell that sends the signal: 9. Dendrite of cell that receives the signal: 10. Space between cells that must be crossed by neurotransmitters: 11. Structure that opens, like a "protein door", when neurotransmitters attach to it:Depression is a condition in which sufferers may feel low mood, lack of motivation and sleep. It is caused by a lack of serotonin in the synaptic cleft of neurone pathways. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. a) Describe how serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. Using your understanding of synaptic transmission, explain how communication between neurones in serotonin pathways of the brain would be affected in someone with depression. b) Doctors use tubocurarine drug as an anaesthetic as it temporarily paralyses muscles. It blocks receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Why does this lead to paralysis?Parkinson's Disease Parkinson's disease is neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement. Most people affected with Parkinson's disease demonstrate rigidity, slow movement, and shaking. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease occur when the cells that produce dopamine neurotransmitters die in the brain. Explain how the signal transmission at a synapse in an individual with Parkinson's disease is different than an unaffected individual. Describe the normal process of signal transmission at a synapse. Start with the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal and include the name of the neurotransmitter that is affected by Parkinson's disease. Explain how the process is different in individuals affected with Parkinson's disease.
- Help me pleaseAssume a neuron is at rest and the following changes happen: Step 1: Neurotransmitter binds to an ionotropic excitatory neurotransmitter receptor causing an EPSP. Step 2: With the neurotransmitter still bound either a NAM or non-competitive antagonist bind to the allosteric site of the receptor. Answer the following questions that explains how the NAM and non-competitive antagonist would differ in their actions. 4.) A. Going from step 1 to step 2 what would happen to the ionotropic receptor (ion channel) as a result of the NAM. B. Going from step 1 to step 2 what would happen to the ionotropic receptor (ion channel) as a result of the non-competitive antagonist. C. Going from step 1 to step 2 how would membrane potential change as a result of the NAM D. Going from step 1 to step 2 how would the membrane potential change as a result of the non-competitive antagonist.You prepare a squid giant axon and inject it with a tiny volume of solution containing 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M KCl in which both the Na+ and K+ ions are radioactively labeled. The two labeled ions are now inside the axon. You place this axon in a beaker containing seawater medium. The voltage gated sodium and voltage gated potassium channels are completely blocked using specific inhibitors - so they are closed. Under resting conditions (no stimulation of axon), would you expect any movement of the two radiolabeled ions across the cell membrane of the axon? please explain If you now remove the voltage gated sodium channel inhibitor, and keep the voltage gated potassium channel blocked, which of the radioactively labeled ions would you expect to appear within the seawater medium, while the neuron remained at rest (no stimulation of axon). please explain