Managers owning a small proportion of a firm's equity can be expected to work less, maintain more lavish expense accounts, and accept more pet projects with negative NPVs than managers owning a large proportion of equity. In light of this statement reflecting the agency cost of equity, answer the following questions. (i) Who bears the agency cost of equity? (ii) How can agency cost of equity be reduced? (iii) What is the impact of agency cost of equity on a firm's capital structure choice?
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- Which of the following is/are correct regarding agency costs? 1. Indirect costs occur when managers, acting to minimize the risk of the firm, forego investments shareholders would prefer they take. II. Direct costs occur when shareholders must incur costs to monitor the manager's actions. III. Direct costs occur when managers buy assets considered necessary by the firm's owners. Select one: O a. I, II, and III O b.ll only O c.Il and IIl only O d.lonly O e.l and II only6. Which of the following statements about the agency costs of equity is false? Agency costs of equity are greater if managers have small levels of shareholdings in the firm Agency costs of equity may be reduced through executive compensation packages Agency costs of equity are greater if managers have greater incentive to increase their non-monetary benefits All of the above None of the above1. Which of the following statements most appropriately describe how agency cost affect the firms choice structure? Explain. a. When firm owners borrow money they have an incentive to engage in excessive risk taking (that is investing in very risky projects). Since they are managing someone else money.b. When firm have very limited investment opportunities and little debt financing combine with wealth profit that provide them with free cash flow, their management team might squander the firms' earnings on questionable investments. 2. What is the primary weakness of using EBIT-EPS analysis as a financing tool. 3. Why might firms who's sale level change drastically overtime, choose to use debt only sparingly in their capital structure 4. What does the term independence hypothesis means as it applies to capital structure theory 5. Explain how industry norms might be used by the finance manager in the design of the company's financing mix note: if you can provide the source of the info,…
- ____ 1.Which of the following is a responsibility center that incurs expenses, generates revenues, and is responsible for generating a return on assets? a. Cost center b. Revenue center c. Profit center d. Investment center ____ 2.Which one of the following is the most useful measure for evaluating a manager's performance in controlling revenues and costs in a profit center? a. Contribution margin b. Contribution net income c. Contribution gross profit d. Controllable margin ____ 3.Hanover Corporation desires to earn target net income of $42,000. The selling price per unit is $18, unit variable cost is $5.60, and total fixed costs are $123,912. How many units must the company sell to earn its target net income? a. 13,380 b. 9,993 c. 3,387 d. 9,217 ____ 4.Remark…1. A. Accounting cost theory B. Diffusion theory C. Transaction cost theory D. Agency theory 2. The theory concerning the cost of managing and supervising a firm is called is when firms seek to economize on transaction costs. A. Accounting cost theory B. Diffusion theory C. Transaction cost theory D. Agency theory 3. The most common reason for failure of large projects is due to A. Organizational and political resistance B. Uncertainty C. Inability to acquire resources D. Culture and routine 4. Which of the following is NOT one of Porter's competitive forces A. Customers B. Suppliers C. New market entrants D. Interest rates 5. Which of the following is NOT a strategy for dealing with Porter's competitive forces? A. Traditional competitors B. Low cost leadership C. Focus on market niche D. Product differentiationWhich of the following is the impact of agency cost? Oa It increases the wealth of the shareholders of the company. Ob. It increases the operating expenses of the company. Octincreases the profit of the company. O d. It increases the wealth of the managers of the company.
- Which of the following statements regarding responsibility accounting systems is true? O Residual income is best used when evaluating the performance of profit centers rather than investment centers. An advantage of using return on investment to evaluate performance is that it encourages managers to increase both operating assets and operating income. O The use of residual income as a performance measure may lead segment managers to reject investments in projects that would be favorable for the company as a whole. O Residual income is a less effective metric for evaluating performance if there are significant differences in the size of the operating segments. O None of the above statements is true.Which of the following situations is most likely to pose a problem for companies that use return on investment as a measure of a manager’s performance? a. Managers may be encouraged to purchase more operating assets than they otherwise should. b. Managers may be discouraged from purchasing operating assets that could improve overall profitability. c. Managers may be discouraged from reducing their division’s costs. d. Managers may be discouraged from paying off debt in order to reduce costsWhich of the following statement(s) is/are not true? i. Return On Investment (ROI) as a performance measure may discourage managers of divisions with high ROIs to invest in projects with lower ROIs that are acceptable to the organization as a whole. ii. ROI incorporates the firm’s opportunity cost of acquiring investment capital. iii. Under Residual Income (RI), rates of return can be adjusted to take into account differences in risks for different investment assets. iv. Both ROI and RI use a percentage measure. v. ROIs cannot be used to compare divisions of differing sizes. Multiple Choice a)i, ii and iii b)ii, iv and v c)i only d)i and ii e)ii, iii and iv
- Agency costs are an integral part of agency relationships. they are a key concern in the shareholder/management relationship in that agency cost results in a reduction in the value of the company because of the administration costs in establishing agencies 2. shareholders view a company that operates as an agent to another company as being more risky,and therefore they are willing to pay less for shares in a company 3. agency costs result in a reduction in the value of the company because management pursues its own interest 4. establishment of agency relationships require extensive legal and contractual agreements, which can be very costlyWhich of the following statement(s) is/are not true? i. Return On Investment (ROI) as a performance measure may discourage managers of divisions with high ROIs to invest in projects with lower ROIs that are acceptable to the organization as a whole. ii. ROI incorporates the firm’s opportunity cost of acquiring investment capital. iii. Under Residual Income (RI), rates of return can be adjusted to take into account differences in risks for different investment assets. iv. Both ROI and RI use a percentage measure. v. ROIs cannot be used to compare divisions of differing sizes. Multiple Choice ii, iv and v ii, iii and iv i, ii and iii i and ii i onlyPLEASE IDENTIFY AN ORGANIZATION If a firm is performing poorly financially, what might this say about the differentiators, arenas, or both? Use a specific organization as an example and apply Hambrick and Frederickson's Strategy Diamond in your response.