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Q: Two (2) moles of GALACTOSE are completely oxidized to CO₂ and water using the malate-aspartate…
A: Glycolysis involves a series of reactions that convert glucose into pyruvate with the production of…
Q: Glycogenesis occurs in both muscle and liver. Select one: O True O False Glycogen is released from…
A: Glycogen is storage-type homopolysaccharide that contain two types of glucose polymers: amylose:…
Q: 2. Another bodily process is the urea cycle. However, a carbamoyl phosphate is necessary to begin…
A: Carbamoyl phosphate is synthesized with the help of enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase requiring…
Q: Prepare 1.5L 2X Base stock in a media bottle: Fill out the last column of this table: Component…
A: A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acids or bases. Buffers…
Q: What is the single definitive test for galactose? State the principle.
A: Galactose is a monosaccharide . it combines with glucose to form a disaccharide called lactose. It…
Q: Suppose a student rinses their buret with water instead of sodium hydroxide, leaving water in the…
A: Introduction The titration is a chemical process by which the quantity of one substance of a sample…
Q: When studying the mechanism of the enzymatic reaction, functional groups were found that ensure the…
A: Biochemical reactions tend to be slow because biomolecules are stable at biological pH and…
Q: Which of the following are true when enzymes and substrate interact? kı E + S= k! ES- - P k-1 the…
A: Assuming the enzyme follows the first order kinetics, The rate of a formation is given by the…
Q: A 0.150 M sodium chloride solution is referred to as a physiological saline solution because it has…
A: Molecular weight of sodium chloride (NaCl) is 58.44 from the periodic table of elements. Also, it is…
Q: -. Succinate dehydrogenase contains iron-sulfur centers in which irons are complexed with cysteine…
A: Succinate dehydrogenase have three 2Fe-2S centers. The 'Fe' here is complexed with the sulfur atom…
Q: Mechanistic probes often require the use of an electrophilic functional group to interact with an…
A: A nucleophile is a chemical species that is negatively charged or has a high electron density or a…
Q: The structure given below represents what molecule?
A: Cellular respiration is the process how biochemical energy is generated from food. It involves the…
Q: General equation of anaerobic oxidation of glucose.
A: Energy is released from the breakdown of glucose molecules via a process called cellular respiration…
Q: f What advantage is there to phosphoglycerate kinase having an open and closed protein…
A: Glycolysis is the 10-step enzymatic conversion of 1 molecule of six-carbon glucose to two molecules…
Q: 5. Reciprocal regulation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase activity.
A: Enzymes are proteins that aid in the speeding up of chemical reactions. Enzymes bind to substrates,…
Q: Citrate synthase is inhibited by: NAD+ ADP NADH oxleoacetate All of the above None of the above
A: Explanation Glycolysis is a process by which glucose breaks into pyruvate and gives energy in the…
Q: Ketohexoses commonly exist in living systems in either the straight chain or ring (furanose) forms.…
A: Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. They can be classified as monosaccharides,…
Q: Several of the enzymes of glycolysis fall into classes that What reaction participate in many other…
A: Enzymes are classified into different classes based on the nature of type of reaction they catalyse.…
Q: In making the experiment of protein denaturation, what usually happens upon, precipitation of strong…
A: Proteins are composed of amino acids, which are bound together by peptide linkage. Amino acids…
Q: Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is converted to pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate kinase. The standard free…
A: The standard free energy change (∆Gº') is the amount of energy released in of biochemical reaction…
Q: *Complete hydrolysis of glycerophospholipid yields equimolar amounts of glycerol, a fatty acid [16:1…
A: Lipids are classified into three groups as simple lipids, compound lipids, and derived lipids based…
Q: Which of the following statements are true for enzymes? Check all that apply. The activity of some…
A: Enzymes catalyse biochemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy and increase the rate of…
Q: An equilibrium dialysis study was carried out with a ligand binding receptor protein. The protein…
A: Scatchard plot is a very useful plot to determine the affinity of association of ligand and a…
Q: Name three ketone bodies and describe their functions
A: Ketogenesis is a process by which the liver produces ketone bodies from fatty acids, as a source of…
Q: Which of the following is an anomer of B-D-gulopyranose? O ОН I ОН т ОН I I ОН CH2OH II- Б ОН CH2OH…
A: Anomers are cyclic monosaccharides differing from each other in the configuration at carbon no -1…
Q: Label the parts of the below lipid molecule. Is this a saturated or unsaturated lipid? H H I-U-I H…
A: Lipids are a chemically diverse group of biomolecules that have two things in common: low…
Q: 1) A ligand-binding protein showing negative homotropic cooperativity? a) should give an nH value…
A: Cooperativity or cooperative binding occurs when binding of one molecule influences the affinity of…
Q: Which of the designations are accurate for the fatty acid?
A: Simple fats or triglycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol, where three fatty acid molecules are…
Q: true/false: The majority of the urea cycle occurs in the cytosol of cells
A: In the mitochondria of liver cells, the urea cycle or ornithine cycle converts excess ammonia to…
Q: Glycogenin is a homodimer of 37 kDa subunits. (Homodimer means identical subunits of type a that…
A: Glycogenin: It is a transferase that produces glycogen, which is a crucial type of glucose storage…
Q: What statement is true regarding LDL? Because the LDL is plasma lipoproteins with a lipid bilayer,…
A: Lipoproteins are triacylglycerols, phospholipids, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters associated…
Q: Identify what is asked Glycerol --> Glycogen Pyruvate --> Glucose Acetyl CoA --> Fats Fats-> Acetyl…
A: Metabolism is the total of all chemical transformation that takes place in a living cell. One…
Q: Determine the amino acid sequence of Peptide A, which was obtained by hydrolyzing a larger peptide…
A: Introduction Proteins are the most abundant macromolecule in our body. Proteins are made up of amino…
Q: Cytochrome a is a component of: Complex I Complex II Complex III Complex IV
A: Introduction Electron transport chain consists of series of protein complex that transfers electrons…
Q: In the experimental set up to show that "CO, is given out during respiration", name the substance…
A: Respiration is a metabolic process that all organisms go through. It is a biochemical process that…
Q: 6. Biological value of glycogen breakdown in muscles and liver.
A: Carbohydrates are biomolecules that are utilized as the primary source of energy. And glucose is the…
Q: Identify the reasons why the DNA molecule you selected would lead to DNA synthesis. It is…
A: An important characteristic of DNA replication is that it is semiconservative. Two strands of DNA…
Q: The following triacylglycerols (Tag) contain different percentages of unsaturated fatty acids. What…
A: Simple fats or Triglycerides or triacylglycerides are categorized as storage lipids. Triglycerides…
Q: 2. Mechanisms of absorption of monosaccharides from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte and…
A: Monosaccharides are smallest or basic subunit of carbohydrates by which disaccharides,…
Q: Which statement is CORRECT? A) Glucokinase is not inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate B) Pyruvate…
A: INTRODUCTION : Glycolysis - It is a metabolic pathway in which glucose is metabolised / broken down…
Q: What else? What are cofactors? Carboxypeptidase requires a Zn²+ cofactor for the hydrolysis of the…
A: Since in the question it is mentioned to answer any three questions, question 2, 5 & 6 will be…
Q: You run an SDS-PAGE gel on some purified protein samples against a protein ladder as marked. kDa 225…
A: SDS PAGE is an electrophoretic technique, which is used to separate proteins based on their size.…
Q: In biochemistry, what form of iron, ferric or ferrous, is most readily absorbed by the body? What…
A: Iron is a trace element that is essential for the body. Hemoglobin is a protein that transports…
Q: Draw the structure of ethanolamine sphingomyelin formed from linoleic acid Draw the structure of…
A: Sphingomyelin is an important component of both the monolayer of phospholipids in lipoproteins and…
Q: The structure of a metalloenzyme active site is down below(black picture). Describe, from a chemical…
A: Methane monooxygenase (MMO) is present in methanotrophic bacteria and MMO is present in an integral…
Q: 2. During glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. Pyruvate then is converted to Acetyl coA and…
A: During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate. The two…
Q: Upon doing the experiment in Protein Denaturation, what could happen in the precipitation of heat…
A: Protein solubility is determined by the proportion & distribution of polar hydrophilic and…
Q: In the last stage of cellular respiration (ETS and oxidative phosphorylation) what is the fate of…
A: ETS (Electron Transport System) is a sequential arrangement of proteins (Protein complexes I, II,…
Q: How can you decrease (or stop) the rate of binding for a noncompetitive inhibitor? Could you change…
A: Non-competitive inhibitors are reversible inhibitors that binds to a site on the enzyme other than…
Q: Question 9 Briefly discuss the discovery and development of selective inhibitors of sodium-glucose…
A: Sodium-glucose linked transporters (SGLTs) , or to be more specific Sodium-glucose linked…
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- In the first step of the aldolase reaction, an active site Lys229 residue, with its side chain amino group in the deprotonated state, acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl C2 carbon of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to form a Schiff base (boxed in the scheme). Since the pKa of the Lys side chain amino group in free solution is ~10.5, the pKa of Lys229 side chain must have been perturbed to a (higher lower) value for the enzyme to be active at neutral pH. the answer should include sufficient details, including the definition of pKa.Chymotrypsin has the highest affinity for which of the following substrates: Table. The values of KM and kcat for some Enzymes and Substrates Enzyme Chymotrypsin Ки (М) 4.4 x 10-1 8.8 x 10-2 6.6 x 104 Kcat (S-1) 5.1 x 10-2 1.7 x 10-1 1.9 x 102 Substrate N-acetylglycine ethyl ester N-acetylvaline ethyl ester N-acetyltyrosine ethyl ester Catalase H2O2 2.5 x 10-2 1.0 x 107 Urease Urea 2.5 x 10-2 4.0 x 105 OA. N-acetylglycine ethyl ester OB. N-acetylvaline ethyl ester OC. N-acetyltyrosine ethyl ester D. Urea#1 Specify the role each of the following amino acids play within the crystal structure and/or active site for Be as specific as possible, with pictures (and mechanistic arrows) as necessary. His11 Arg140 Glu89 Trp68 #2 Provide a step-wise mechanism for the reaction Bisphosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes, using the amino acids responsible for aiding in catalysis. You do not need to add surrounding amino acids that aid in substrate specificity. (drawn out)
- Gout is a medical condition usually caused by a deficiency of the salvage enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Uric acid accumulates in the joints and causes pain, inflammation, and in advanced disease gouty tophi. Allopurinol, an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, is used to treat chronic gout. Explain briefly the biochemical basis for this treatment.uizzes/67365/take Based on the image below, select the correct statements. Note: There may be more than 1 correct response. I Ribose 5-phosphate ribose phosphate pyrophosphokinase (PRPP synthetase) glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase adenylosuccinate synthetase AMP > 5-Phosphoribosylamine I adenylosuccinate PRPP lyase 9 steps Adenylosuccinate AMP IMP <-- ADP - AMP <-- GMP <-- IMP IMP dehydrogenase <- GMP - XMP ADP ATP GMP يمد XMP-glutamine amidotransferase Increased levels of ADP inhibit the production of PRPP. Increased levels of GMP inhibit the production of XMP. O Increased ADP activates PRPP synthase to increase PRPP levels. Increased IMP activates glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase to further increase IMP levels. 8 OBCAt 37 °C, the serine protease subtilisin has kcat = 50 s-1 and KM = 1.4 × 10-4 M. It is proposed that the N155 side chain contributes ahydrogen bond to the oxyanion hole of subtilisin. J. A. Wells and colleagues reported (1986, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 317:415–423) the following kinetic parameters for the N155T mutant of subtilisin: kcat = 0.02 s-1 and KM = 2 × 10-4 M.(a) Subtilisin is used in some laundry detergents to help remove protein-type stains. What unusual kind of stability does this suggest for subtilisin?(b) Subtilisin does have a problem in that it becomes inactivated by oxidation of a methionine close to the active site. Suggest a way to make abetter subtilisin.(c) Is the effect of the N155T mutation what you would expect for a residuethat makes up part of the oxyanion hole? How do the reported values ofkcat and KM support your answer?(d) Assuming that the T155 side chain cannot H-bond to the oxyanion intermediate, by how much (in kJ/mol) does N155 appear to stabilize…
- Enzyme hydrolysis of glucose-6-sulfate occurs in a marine microorganism. The activity test is based on the rate at which glucose is metabolized. Its KM is 6.7 x 10-9 M and its Vmax is 300 nM min-1 in cell-free extract. Galactose-6-sulfate competes with the enzyme to inhibit it. When glucose-6-sulfate and galactose-6-sulfate are present at 2 x 10-5 M, the starting speed is 1.5 nM min-1. Take a look at the Ki for galactose-6-sulfate and figure out what it is.HEPES, 4-(2-hydro)-1-piperazine ethane sulfonic acid, shown below. fully protonated, has pKa’s of 3.00 and 7.55. It is a commonly used buffer for tissue culture and organ storage during transplantation due in part to its effectiveness over a wide temperature range. One-way oxalic acid can be produced in fungi by hydrolysis of oxaloacetate, an intermediate in the Kreb’s citric acid cycle, to produce oxalic acid and acetic acid. This reaction, shown below, is catalyzed by oxaloacetase. [O2CC(O)CH2CO2] 2− + H2O → C2O44−+ CH3COO− + H+ oxaloacetate oxalic acid acetate In a 1-ml reaction mixture containing 50 mM NaCl, 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.8, 5 mM oxaloacetate and 5 pmol oxaloacetase, complete hydrolysis of the oxaloacetate was achieved in 10 minutes of incubation at 30°C. What was the pH of the reaction mixture at the end of the reaction?The rate constant for the uncatalyzed reaction of two molecules of glycine ethyl ester to form glycylglycine ethyl ester is 0.6 M- 1s - 1. In the presence ofCo2 +, the rate constant is 1.5 x 106 M- 1s - 1. What rate enhancement does the catalyst provide?
- The reaction catalyzed by phosphorylase is readily reversible in vitro. At pH 6.8, the equilibrium ratio of orthophosphate to glucose 1-phosphate is 3.6. The value of ΔG°’ for this reaction is small because a glycosidic bond is replaced by a phosphoryl ester bond that has a nearly equal transfer potential. However, phosphorolysis proceeds far in the direction of glycogen breakdown in vivo. Suggest one means by which the reaction can be made irreversible in vivo.A synthetic substrate, the para-nitrophenylacetate (PNPA), is used to monitor enzyme activity of protein P. The product of the hydrolysis reaction absorbs at 410 nm with a molar extinction coefficient of 4 000 M-¹.cm-¹. 1- Write the reaction catalyzed by the protease P using the pNPA substrate. 2- The enzyme extract is too concentrated and a 1/300 dilution is needed for enzyme tests. Considering that you would need at least 600 µL of diluted enzyme extract for activity tests, indicate which volume of buffer and enzyme extract you must use for the dilution.EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis(β-amino ethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid) is a chelating agent with high affinity and specificity for Ca2+. By microinjecting acell with an appropriate Ca2+-EGTA solution, an experimenter can prevent cytosolic [Ca2+] from rising above 10+7 M. How would EGTA microinjection affect a cell’s response to vasopressin ? To glucagon?