It is observed that there is a decrease in the antibody level against Wuhan strain of virus but an increase in antibodies against the Beta variant and Omicron variant. explain how this occurred?
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It is observed that there is a decrease in the antibody level against Wuhan strain of virus but an increase in antibodies against the Beta variant and Omicron variant. explain how this occurred?
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- Describe the life cycle of influenza virus. What function do the neuraminidase and haemagglutinin glycoproteins serve? Also give an explanation on the changes in the influenza virus that make it difficult to develop a vaccine.Given what we know about HIV, describe the impact of this virus on humoral and cellular immunity. [hint - HIV targets CD4 cells; how will this impact an immune response]“Type I interferons serve as the first line of defence against viral infections”. Give a schematic representation of their mechanism of action and also explain how they interfere with viral replication.
- There are serum samples from people who tested positive for the SARS-CoV2 virus and have now recovered. What is one explanation for why they might have such different levels of antibody?Do the antigen protein vaccines contain all the proteins in the virus? If not, which protein(s) do they contain?Serum from individuals with high levels of antibody to SARS-CoV2 has been used to treat patients with severe COVID-19. What is ONE way (there are several) that passive immunization with the antibody to the virus could help these patients? HINT: think about what opsonization with antibody could do for the innate immune response.
- docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAlpQLSen_DnlxjlAa6EoAyAOhS Gitcmj9fQ_M4bwAg1Wizsq5Yp4A/formResponse O YouTube Maps nanswers TaT4 are rUC Which of the following are true regarding testosterone? * (1) Testosterone acts on specific target cells to stimulate male sexual characteristics. (2) Testosterone is directly stimulated by the release of GnRH. (3) Testosterone produces a negative feedback mechanism to regulate GnRH. (4) If spermatogenesis is slow, testosterone production is stimulated. O A- If answers (1), (2) and (3) are TRUE B- If answers (1) and (3) are TRUE O C- If answers (2) and (4) are TRUE O D- If only answer (4) is TRUE O E- If answers (1), (2), (3) and (4) are TRUE Which is true of the following statements regarding COVID-19? (1) SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes COVID-19 (2) The new coronavirus can infect the upper or lower part respiratorv svstem1) 286 individuals were newly diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in 2018 in Minnesota. Of these individuals, 76% were male. HIV is an enveloped, ssRNA virus_ Baltimore classification VI. This virus targets CD4+ cells. CD4 refers to a glycoprotein which serves as a co-receptor for T-cells, located on T-helper and T-reg immune cells. a) What part of the HIV virus allows for specificity to CD4+ cells?Knowing the virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes, is the M protein more likely to be antigenic than a polysaccharide capsule? Why?
- COVID-19 is caused by infection with a novel corona virus, SARS-CoV-2. Testing someone for active infection involves examining samples taken from the nasal mucosa for fragments of the virus. Another type of testing involves examining blood for the presence of antibodies that can bind to SARS-CoV-2. Use what you've learned about the immune system. What are the suggested reasons why someone would possess antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.with HIV, explain the mechanism of intracellular infection and the role of reverse transcriptase. What would you explain about the process? What is the significance of the CD4+ count? ( Discuss the meaning of various ranges of CD4 counts.) List 5 opportunistic infections AND describe data to suggest whether or not a patient has such an infection.What part of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a potential target site for a vaccine? Explain your reasoning; include in your discussion the following terms: antigen, epitope, and antibody.