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Can you elaborate in some detail about the following:
If 2 liters of blood were injected into a normal human body, what influence would this injection have on blood pressure, cardiac output, preload and afterload?
Cardiovascular result, communicated in liters/minute, is how much blood the heart siphons in 1 moment. Cardiovascular result is legitimately equivalent to the result of the stroke volume and the quantity of pulsates each moment (pulse). Sufficiently simple, one might think, however the term cardiovascular in cardiovascular result is possibly deceptive - with clinician's occasionally accepting that to decipher cardiovascular result they should zero in on the heart. The heart is only one piece of the a lot bigger cardiovascular framework, in any case, and how much blood it siphons is subject to both heart and extracardiac factors.
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- If 2 L of blood were injected into a normal human body, what influence would this injection have on blood pressure, cardiac output, preload and afterload?Which of the following statements best describes the differences in the regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction? The amount of contractile force actively generated by muscle cells is increased by stretch in skeletal muscle and decreased by stretch in cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is stimulated by motor neurons and skeletal muscle by neurones from the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscle contractile force is augmented by increasing the firing frequency of action potentials whereas cardiac muscle contractile force is enhanced by noradrenaline increasing calcium influx through ion channels. Ryanodine receptors in skeletal muscle are opened by a mechanism that requires calcium influx whereas in cardiac muscle membrane depolarisation alone without calcium influx is sufficient to open ryanodine receptors.Estimate the volume of a human heart (in mL) using the following measurements/assumptions: Blood flow through the aorta is approximately 16.8 cm/s. The diameter of the aorta is approximately 3.0 cm. Assume the heart pumps its own volume with each beat. Assume a pulse rate of 90 beats per minute.
- Please use the word bank below (Terms can be used more than once, or not used at all): Pressure volume lower higher preload afterload The contraction and relaxation of heart chambers results in blood movement because fluids flow from high to low If there is a fixed amount of liquid in a sealed chamber and the of that chamber is decreased (such as in contraction), the pressure in that chamber will increase. The blood will only move if the pressure in the next chamber is than the pressure in the current chamber. Pressure can be reduced in a chamber by relaxing its walls and increasing its Following this logic, hypertension limits blood flow out of the ventricles because the high requires the ventricles to raise their own pressure to extreme levels in order for blood to leave and enter the arteries.The aorta is the principal blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart in order to circulate around the body. (a) Calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta if the flow rate is 5.0 L/min. The aorta has a radius of 10 mm. (b) Blood also flows through smaller blood vessels known as capillaries. When the rate of blood flow in the aorta is 5.0 L/min, the speed of blood in the capillaries is about 0.33 mm/s. Given that the average diameter of a capillary is 8.0 μm (1 μm = 1 X 10 –6 m), calculate the number of capillaries in the blood circulatory system.The pressure in the aorta changes throughout the cardiac cycle. During systole, as the heart contracts, the outflux of blood into the aorta causes an increase in pressure, whereas during diastole the pressure decreases as the heart relaxes. A simple model for the aortic pressure waveform is given by the Windkessel effect described by the image below. In this model, the heart is considered a pressure generating pump which is directly connected to an elastic compartment (the aorta), which in turn is connected to a rigid set of peripheral vessels (the hose of the firefighter). 5 Pump Heart Air Windkessel Elastic arteries In order to find the aortic pressure waveform from the Windkessel model, a mass balance formulation around the aorta must be formulated. Coming into the aorta from the heart we have the flowrate Q(t). According to conservation of mass, this inflow rate Q(t) must be equal to the outflow rate into the peripheral vessels and the change in volume of the aorta. To find these…
- In this lab exercise blood pressure at rest was to be compared against two different variable: 1) 2 minutes of exercise and 2) exposure to cold temperature. Explain the results shown below in terms of the physical effects these variables are having on the body: Blood Pressure at Rest/Room Temp Blood Pressure after 2 Minutes Exercise Blood Pressure after Cold Exposure 120/80 110/75 130/85A motorcycle rider miscalculated a curve and met a horrible accident which resulted into major blood vessel injuries in the head and neck. Due to these injuries, one would expect to observe all of the following except which one among these? option 1.An increased heart rate option 2.An increase in cardiac output option 3.Increased secretion of renin by the kidneys option 4. An increased total peripheral resistanceDoes the human heart spend more time in diastole or more time in systole (assume a heart rate of 72 beats per minute)? Of what benefit is this?
- Make a list of the different physiological equations: Cardiac Output (Q) = Fick Equation for VO2 = Pulse Pressure (PP) =1a) Exercise immediately increases end-diastolic volume.True/False b)Mean arterial pressure is a relevant stimulus for the baroreceptor reflex.True/False c)Which of the following would be the most relevant efferent pathway for the regulation of cardiac output by the hormone epinephrine. (baroreceptor, axon, blood, ventricular cells, AV node, brainstem)Hemodynamics are the dynamics of blood flow. Can the Bernoulli's equation be used to study hemodynamics in the cardiovascular system? Why or why not? You should discuss all four of the assumptions of Bernoulli's equation when answering this question. Jugular vein (also subclavian vein from arms) Pulmonary artery Superior vena cava Interior vena cava Hepatic vein Liver Hepatic portal vein Renal vein Iliac vein CO₂ CO₂ Head and arms Lungs Heart Kidneys Trunk and legs Carotid artery (also subclavian artery to arms) Pulmonary vein Aorta Hepatic artery Mesenteric arteries Digestive tract Renal artery Iliac artery