How to determine the needed surface area of the secondary clarifier tank given that the flow is 40,000 m3 per day and the recycling ratio is 0.5 . The necessary solids concentration in the underflow is 13,000 mg/L, while the Mixed liquor suspended solids concentration in the activated sludge is 4,500 mg/L. Hint: Plot SFg= CiVi   then Use SFL equation to get the area  The table below shows the settling properties of sludge: Mixed liquor suspended solids Mg/l Settling velocity m/hr 2000 6 4000 3 6000 1 8000 0.2 10000 0.1 13000 0.1

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Landfills

The landfill is a site used for the disposal of waste materials. The landfill is a solid waste facility that is often known as a dumping ground. The image below shows a landfill site in Hawaii. Landfilling is the most ancient and common method used for the disposal of waste. For the landfill, a deep trench is constructed in an isolated place away from the city. The trench for landfills is designed properly after analyzing the total population and the waste generation per capita. The waste is dumped into the trench and after every layer of waste, a layer of soil is spread on the top of it.