How does group selection theory explain the altruistic behavior of animals and why is this explanation problematic for advocates of inclusive fitness theory?
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How does group selection theory explain the altruistic behavior of animals and why is this explanation problematic for advocates of inclusive fitness theory?
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- Earlier explanations of altruistic behavior as a form of group selec-tion have been supplanted by Hamilton’s hypothesis of kin selection. What distinguishes kin selection and how does it accord with the no-tion of inclusive fitness, the relative number of an individual’s alleles that pass to the next generation?Using the concept of inclusive fitness (and kin selection), explain how altruistic behavior (e.g. where an individual protects for another, even at their own expense) can evolve by natural selection? Make sure to explain what inclusive fitness is. (remember the concentric circles on the slide)What are indirect fitness benefits of siblicide? When would an individual gain more from siblicide than from inclusive fitness benefits? When might it be worth it for a subordinate to fight to the death with its dominant sibling?
- In the purple-crowned fairy-wren (Malurus coronatus), most subordinate helpers at the nest feed full siblings or half siblings, but some helpers are unrelated to the nestlings they assist (Kingma et al. 2011). What Darwinian puzzle is created by these findings, and how might you solve the puzzle by using inclusive fitness theory, as Uli Reyer did in his pied kingfisher study? What predictions follow from the explanation(s) that you propose? Please Do not write from an online sourceKingma et al. (2011) found that in the purple-crowned fairy-wren, most subordinate helpers at the nest feed full siblings or half siblings, but some helpers are unrelated to the nestlings they assist. What Darwinian puzzle is created by these findings, and how might you solve the puzzle by using inclusive fitness theory? What predictions follow from the explanation(s) that you propose?Bigger dogs will have more puppies than smaller dogs in a litter. What is the independent variable, dependent variable, constant, and control group?
- Intrasexual selection involves competition among one sex (typically males) for mating access to the other sex. Intersexual selection involves mate choice in which individuals from one sex (typically females) choose their mates from among individuals of the other sex. Imagine a group of males that is engaged in agonistic behavior, from which Male A emerges triumphant. Now imagine a female that is assessing all of the males that were involved in the fights, and chooses Male A. Explain why this situation shows how intrasexual and intersexual selection pressures are likely both at play in the trait selection.Which form of conditioning is used most for behavior modification? Why does this form work better? Why would Classical Conditioning help someone in their daily life functioning? Which form of conditioning would you most likely see in a classroom setting? Create your own examples of each form of conditioning. Be sure to include the following information in your answer. In addressing classical conditioning: Identify UCS, UCR, NS, CS, and CR. Discuss any stimulus generalization that you observed. Discuss any extinction and spontaneous that occurred. In addressing operant conditioning: Identify negative and positive reinforcements and punishments. Label the schedule of reinforcement or punishment.Think about how we organized the mechanisms of sexual selection (mate competition vs. mate choice; resource-based choice vs. non-resource-based choice, etc.). Based on this organization, choose the pair of examples from the list below that are most closely matched in terms of mechanisms of sexual selection. Male red deer engage in physical contests to determine who mates with a female. Male mouse lemurs engage in scramble competition for female mates. Peahen (female) chooses to mate with a peacock that has large eyespots in the tail feathers of his magnificent display. Question 8 Think about how we organized the mechanisms of sexual selection (mate competition vs. mate choice; resource-based choice vs. non-resource-based choice, etc.). Based on this organization, choose the pair of examples from the list below that are most closely matched in terms of mechanisms of sexual selection. Male roadrunner presents female with lizard 'snack' during courtship. Male butterfly transfers sodium to…
- JBS Haldane (allegedly) once said, “I would lay down my life for two brothers or eight cousins.” Let’s assume that “laying down” one’s life results in a 99% probability of death, which can be considered a 99% fitness cost. Also assume that the service to Haldane’s kin increases their survival by 1% (i.e., the benefit is 1%). a) Given these parameterizations, what is the benefit to Haldane for “laying down his life” for one brother (2FB)? b) Given these parameterizations, what is the benefit to Haldane for “laying down his life” for one cousin (2FB)? c) Given these parameterizations, does it make sense for Haldane to “lay down his life” for eight cousins?What is the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) for the payoff matrix below? Cat challenger versus cat opponent = 7 Cat challenger versus dog opponent = 15 Dog challenger versus cat opponent = 10 Dog challenger versus dog opponent = 3Now consider the illustration above that shows data on how often white fronted bee eater birds will feed the offspring of other birds as a function of the relatedness to those birds. 100 80 Merops bullockoides Unrelated Cousin (0%) (-12%) Half sib (25%) Full sib (50%) Relationship to nestlings Do these data support the conclusion that altruistic behavior, specifically kin selection, is occurring here? Specifically do the data satisfy Hamilton's rule for altruistic behavior and what specifically in the data would represent the terms C and r in Hamilton's equation? Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt v Paragraph V BI V T² V Underline Percentage of individuals that help 60 40- 20 0