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20. How do molecules of cholesterol affect the structure of cell membranes? 21. Identify the type of transport described by each of the following: a. A molecule moves through a protein channel. b. 02 moves into the cell from a higher concentration outside the cell
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- Cells transporting substances across their membranes is essential. Choose TWO of the following types of cellular transport. ๏osmosis ๏active transport ๏facilitated diffusion ๏endocytosis / exocytosis (a)For each type of transport you choose, describe the transport process. Explain how the organization of cell membrane plays a role the movement of specific molecules across membrane. (b)Using the same transport types, identify a specific cell that utilizes that type of transit (i.e. one cell for each transport type, or two different cell examples), and detail a substance that is transferred. (c)A typical human lymphocyte has a radius of about 10 μm, while a typical bacterium (e.g., S. pneumoniae) has a radius of about 1 μm. Assuming that both cell types are perfectly spherical, compare and contrastthe transport mechanisms for each of these cells.16. According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following is a true statement about membrane phospholipids? A. They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane. 8. They frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other. C. They occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane. 17 D. They are free to depart from the membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution. E. They have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane.27. Ions cannot cross directly through a lipid bilayer, yet we know they travel in and out of cells. Which of the following is/are true about how ions diffuse cross membranes? a) They diffuse down their concentration gradients. b) They diffuse through channels formed by integral membrane proteins. c) They diffuse down their electrical gradients. d) a and c e) a, b and c
- 1. Ms. Sassa, a biology professor, wanted to demonstrate to her students the applicability of a dialyzing membrane (DM) as a model for the cell membrane by enclosing an aqueous solution in a DM bag and immersing in a beaker containing a different solution. Substances available which are permeable to the DM include 0.02 M NaCl, 0.03 M glucose, and 0.01 M glucose. The only substance available which is completely impermeable to the DM is the 0.01 M lactose. Using the substances given and materials such as a beaker, stirring rod, and string, draw ONLY ONE set- up that can be demonstrated by Ms. Sassa that will satisfy ALL of the following conditions: a. No solute will exhibit a net diffusion out of the cell. b. Glucose will exhibit a net diffusion into the cell. c. NaCl will exhibit a zero net movement. d. No net movement of lactose from the inside to outside of the cell. Make sure to label properly the substance inside the beaker and inside the DM bag (1.)23. Look at the diagram of a cross-section of a cell membrane below. CELL MEMBRANE Low Concentration of Substances Outside Cell Cell Membrane Inside Cell High Concentration of Substances The molecules in the diagram are moving through a protein channel. What type of cellular transport does this represent? a. Passive Transport- Osmosis b. Passive Transport- Facilitated Diffusion c. Active Transport- Facilitated Diffusion d. Active Transport- Endocytosis Direction of Substance Movement3. You have a protein that is easily extracted from a cell membrane preparation, without any associated lipids, by washing with a buffer containing a salt (e.g. 2M NaBr) without the need to treat the membrane with detergents. What type of protein do you have? E) Peripheral (extrinsic) F) A protein covalently anchored to membrane fatty acids G) Transmembrane H) None of the above Answer: Explanation: 4. A bacterium is suddenly expelled from a warm human intestine into the cold world outside (hey, it's been a cold December!). Which of the following adjustments might the bacterium make to maintain the same level of membrane fluidity? I) Produce lipids with hydrocarbon tails that are longer and have fewer double bonds Produce lipids with hydrocarbon tails that are shorter and have more double bonds K) Decrease the amount of cholesterol in the membrane L)Decrease the amount of glycolipids in the membrane Answer: Explanation: 5. Which of the following membrane lipids does not contain fatty…
- 3)What is the second type of lipid that plays a major role in the plasma membrane? This lipid does not have polar and nonpolar regions (its not amphiphilic) but plays a critical role in membrane permeability. A)phospholipids b) steroid hormones c) Cholesterol 4)Which one of the following influences the rate at which diffusion can occur? Size of the concentration gradient Mass of the molecule Distance All of the above affect diffusion None of the above affect the diffusion rate13.Write LEFT or RIGHT to indicate the direction of the movement of water in the following cells Pure water 10% sucrose 15% glucose (85% water) 5% glucose (95% water) 10% fructose 20% fructose (95% water) ☐ 13.1. 13.2. 13.3. 13.4. What type/s of membrane transport is/are shown in the processes above? 13.5. What structure or characteristic gives the biological membrane selective permeability?4 Paramecium caudatum lives in a hypotonic solution. Excess water is removed from the cell via structures called contractile vacuoles. Given what you know about vacuoles (refer to Table 4.3, p. 79) and what you know about cells able to contract, suggest the type of transport that occurs when water is moved out of Paramecium.
- Ammonia (NH3) is a weak base that under acidic conditions becomes protonated to the ammonium ion in the following reaction: NH3 + H+ → NH+4 NH3 freely permeates biological membranes, including those of lysosomes. The lysosome is a subcellular organelle with a pH of about 4.5–5.0; the pH of cytoplasm is about 7.0. What is the effect on the pH of the fluid content of lyso- somes when cells are exposed to ammonia? Note: Ammo- nium (NH4+) does not diffuse freely across membranes.For the following modes of transport for membranes, tell whether the flow is with or against chemical potenial. Meaning +deltaG or -deltag A. Passive Diffusion B.Faciliated Diffusion C.Active TransportShown below are cells (colored) that were recently placed into a beaker containing a clear solution For each scenario, indicate whether movement of the molecule into the cell will occur using facilitated diffusion or active transport. А. B. 125mM 20mM fructose glucose 85MM 35mM fructose glucose OA= facilitated diffusion; B= facilitated diffusion OA= active transport; B= active transport O A= active transport; B= facilitated diffusion A= facilitated diffusion; B= active transport