Hereditary retinoblastoma generally affects children in both eyes, while spontaneous retinoblastoma usually occurs during adulthood only in one eye. Explain the genetic basis for the epidemiological distinction between these two forms of retinoblastoma. Explain the apparent paradox: loss-of-function mutations in tumor-suppressor genes act recessively, yet hereditary retinoblastoma is inherited as an autosomal dominant.
Q: In Figure 14-10, expressed sequence tags (ESTs) arealigned with genomic sequence. How are ESTs…
A: The full form pf EST is Expressed sequence tags. EST are the DNA sequences which are smaller in…
Q: Write short paragraphs explaining each of the following statements:(a) Natural selection chooses…
A: The process in which changes and adaption is done in the group of living organism is known as…
Q: Are there any parts of the human body that get oxygen directly from the air and not from the blood?
A: The human body is very complex and it has a huge demand for oxygen because of which the oxygen that…
Q: What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing insects as experimental animals in…
A: In various toxicological studies such as in drug toxicity analysis etc. using an insect as an…
Q: How can the heart be strong enough to pump blood up your legs against gravity?
A: The heart is incapable of pumping blood back up the veins in your legs and back to your heart on its…
Q: 7) Describe in detail the mechanism by which the major spliceosome removes introns from pre-mRNA…
A: Spliceosome is a complex small nuclear RNA protein molecule also called snRNA that helps to remove…
Q: Which division of meiosis (meiosis I or meiosis II) a. most resembles mitosis? b. cuts the…
A: a.Meiosis II. b. Meiosis I. TELOPHASE I. c. Meiosis I. TELOPHASE I. d.Meiosis I
Q: Describe the major climate during your time era. Climate mainly includes average temperatures and…
A: Climate:- Climate is defined as conditions prevailing in an area for a long period of time.
Q: number 32
A: Introduction:- A basic unit of heredity and a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that encodes the…
Q: 9. Two varieties of pumpkin with different weights were crossed: 5 lb. and 29 lb. 3/195 of the F2…
A: aabbccdd=5 lb AABBCCDD = 29 lb P: aabbccdd × AABBCCDD F1: AaBbCcDd
Q: Two particular contigs are suspected to be adjacent, possibly separated by repetitive DNA. In an…
A: Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer made up of two polynucleotide chains that coil…
Q: The most important piece of evidence missing from Darwin’s original hypothesis was:
A: There are some points about Darwinism : Provided evidence for scientific theory that all species…
Q: What will the K limited population size of this coyote population be at the next time step (2023) if…
A: After the population gets doubled, there is a check to the population because of limiting factors.
Q: Describe the common signal transduction event that is perturbed by cancer-promoting mutations in the…
A: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder that runs in families. Peripheral…
Q: Select all examples of DNA transformation Check All That Apply Transfer of DNA through a pilus into…
A: The process through which an organism receives external DNA is known as transformation. There are…
Q: Which of the following structures is found ONLY in the medulla of the kidney Group of answer choices…
A: NEPHRON Each kidney has nearly one million complex tubular structures called nephrons which are…
Q: Are there any safety concerns with teaching a cat in this way?
A: Learning is defined as any relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of…
Q: A woman who has A blood type (her mother had blood type A and her father had blood type B) has a…
A: According to our guidelines, we are required to answer only the first three questions in case of…
Q: a. b. What constitutes the protein-coding region of a mature mRNA molecule?
A: INTRODUCTION The process of copying a segment of DNA into mRNA known as transcription. In the DNA…
Q: How similar are the daughter cells each process (meiosis and mitosis) makes?
A: Meiosis and mitosis are the types cell division.
Q: Reproduction is usually sexual with both male and female sexes, however asexual reproduction does…
A: INTRODUCTION Reproduction is the method of producing offspring of an individual via fusion o gametes…
Q: The phenotype of many human behavioral/mental traits is best described as
A: Here I described the phenotype of behavior/mental traits in human.
Q: 6. Assume height in a particular plant to be determined by 2 pairs of unlinked polygenes, each…
A: As per the guidelines, we are supposed to answer only three sub-parts. Kindly repost the question…
Q: Although most salamanders have four legs, a few species that live in shallow water lack hind limbs…
A: Natural selection refers to the evolution of species in such a way that the changes are better…
Q: Which condition, aerobic or anaerobic, yields more energy (ATP) ?Why do you think this is ?
A: Respiration It is amphibolic and exergonic cellular process. Multistep enzymatic process. Metabolic…
Q: 5. Small interfering RNAS, microRNAS and Piwi-interacting RNAS are all classes of small RNA…
A: RNA can be defined as a nucleic acid present in all living cells. It is similar to DNA, but differs…
Q: What is the role of dynamin in recycling synaptic vesicles? What evidence supports this?
A: GTP bonding protein, also referred to as G protein. G protein is found in eukaryotic cells and is…
Q: how many tetrads are present in a primary spermatocyte undergoing synapsis? a. 23 b. 44 c. 22
A: Meiosis division is a kind of cell division that results in the formation of haploid sex…
Q: The genes that codes for the creation of certain blood groups are located on chromo- some "Xp22.3",…
A: Blood Inheritance Our blood type, like our eye or hair colour, is inherited from our parents. Each…
Q: A young lady requested pre-marital genetic counselling because her sister had died in infancy of…
A: Gangliosidosis refers to a group of lipid storage illnesses caused by the buildup of lipids called…
Q: 1. What is the function of DNA helicase in DNA replication? a. To create replication bubbles by…
A: Helicases are enzymes that catalyse the separation of duplex nucleic acids into single strands in an…
Q: What is false about the image below? The cells are part of plant ground tissue B) The cells are…
A: * Ground tissue is all tissue in a plant include parenchyma and collenchyma and schlerenchyma. *…
Q: Most skeletal muscles contain which of the following? O fast twitch fibers O slow twitch fibers O…
A: * Skeletal muscle functions in voluntary actions hence called as voluntary muscle. *Skeletal muscles…
Q: Define 'oestrus' and 'menstrual cycles.
A: There are a few key ways that pregnancy and the menstrual cycle are related. First, both involve the…
Q: Ammonia concentrations are very low. Using structural formulac, diagram vert one molecule of…
A: Introduction Ammonia production occurs in all tissues of the body during the metabolism of a variety…
Q: PROCEDURE 1 Time to Trace! In this procedure, you will be tracing two invaders: bacteria in the…
A: Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in their millions, in every…
Q: As shown in Figure 13-14, what is the fundamental distinction between a pair-rule gene and a…
A: A pair-rule gene is a type of gene that plays a role in the creation of insect fragmented embryos.…
Q: My Diagnosis for Pati Sex: Chromosomal Disorder Justification:
A: Chromosomes are the parts of your cells that contain your genes. Genes are parts of DNA passed down…
Q: These are the specific name of an independent taxonomic group of any rank. A. Character B.…
A:
Q: What do you think is the reason why some roots develop under the leaves?
A: In botany, the root is the underground portion of a vascular plant. Plant anchoring, water and…
Q: A team of investigators is out on a boat on a lake on a marvelous,sunny summer day, and they are…
A: Introduction Ocean have totally different ecosystem as there are different factors that affect the…
Q: List common modes of reproduction in Algae?
A: Algae reproduce through a variety of methods. The process of vegetative reproduction occurs…
Q: differentiate founder effect from bottleneck effect.
A: The two types of genetic drift are founder effect and bottleneck effect. Both, in the form of…
Q: Discuss the significance of the Hardy–Weinberg principle as it relates to evolution and list the…
A: In the absence of disrupting events, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium implies that genetic changes in…
Q: In sexual differentiation, parts of the male reproductive system develop from the:
A: The formation of different proteins that lead to formation of different cells and thereby tissues…
Q: When is a tetrad specifically formed? Would it be found in a haploid or diploid cell? What event…
A: The "cell cycle", also known as "cell division", is a set of processes that occur in a cell leading…
Q: What is the difference between REGULATORY VS SUBSTRATE DEPENDENT PATHWAYs. consider WT, single…
A: There are two types of paths available. Regulatory routes and assembly or metabolic processes have…
Q: what structure prevents food from entering the windpipe?
A: The trachea is often called the windpipe. It's a key part of our respiratory system. When we breathe…
Q: Draw a diagram showing what pGEM will look like after it has been digested with BamHI. Be sure to…
A: Answer
Q: List two ways you think would minimise or avoid lag phase of microbial growth
A: During lag stage, the bacteria can adjust to development conditions. It is the period where the…
Hereditary retinoblastoma generally affects children in both eyes, while spontaneous retinoblastoma usually occurs during adulthood only in one eye. Explain the genetic basis for the epidemiological distinction between these two forms of retinoblastoma. Explain the apparent paradox: loss-of-function mutations in tumor-suppressor genes act recessively, yet hereditary retinoblastoma is inherited as an autosomal dominant.
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Name two ways in which loss of p53 function contributes to a malignant phenotype. Explain how benzo(a) pyrene can cause loss of p53 function. Hint: Loss of p53 function occurs in the majority of human tumors.Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an inherited is an inheritent dominant disorder. The phenotype usually involves the production of many skin neurofibromas. Answer the following questions about the disorder: a) Are the NF1 neurofibromatosis-causing mutations that are inherited by affected children from affected parents likely to be loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations? b) Neurofibromin, the protein product of NF1, is associated with the Ras protein. Ras is involved in the transduction of extracellular signals from growth factors. The active form of Ras is complexed with GTP; the inactive form is complexed with GDP. Would the wild-type neurofibromin protein favor the formation of Ras-GTP or Ras-GDP? c) Which of the following events in a normal cell from an individual inheriting a neurofibromatosis-causing allele could cause the descendents of that cell to turn into a neurofibroma? i. A second point mutation in…Loss of p53 function occurs in the majority of human tumors. Name two ways in which loss of p53 function contributes to a malignant phenotype. Explain how benzo(a) pyrene can cause loss of p53 function.
- 1. a)Proteins that stimulate/promote progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. b)Proteins that inhibit progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. c)What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene? d)To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one. e)To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one.Which of the following effectively describes the situation of someone with an inherited predisposition to cancer such as familial adenomatous polyposis or BRCA-associated familial breast cancer? Choose all that apply a) If they get malignant cancer, somatic mutations will not have been a factor b) Their cancer will most likely arise in their germ cells, not their somatic cells c) None of the answers effectively describes the situation d) Every cell of their body contains a gain-of-function allele of an oncogene e) Most cells in their body contain multiple cancer-causing mutations f) Every cell of their body contains a defective, loss-of-function allele of a tumor suppressor geneName the six fundamental properties of malignant tumours. Which of these properties are amenable to study in a cell culture model of cancer and why?
- Describe the mutational event that produces the MYC oncogene in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Why does the particular mechanism for generating oncogenic MYC result in a lymphoma rather than another type of cancer? Describe another mechanism for generating oncogenic MYC.The Bcl-2 protein was initially discovered via its ability to contribute to progression of B-cells to a cancerous "lymphoma" phenotype. 1) Define the mutation that was associated with the change in Bcl-2 in these cells. 2) Is Bcl-2 an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene? 3) Define the role of Bcl-2 in normal cellular function and how this changed in Bcl-2 associated lymphoma.What is the sequential pattern of mutations commonly observed in the development of colorectal adenocarcinoma, and how do these genetic alterations contribute to tumorigenesis and disease progression? Discuss key genes and signaling pathways involved, including APC, KRAS, and TP53 and describe how these mutations disrupt normal cellular functions and promote uncontrolled growth in colorectal cancer.
- Out of these 8 hallmarks ( sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, deregulating cellular energetics and metabolism, and avoiding immune destruction). Rank them from least important to most for cancer development. Explain in 2-3 sentences how.Relatively few inherited forms of cancer involve the inheritance of mutant oncogenes. Instead, most inherited forms of cancer are defects in tumor-suppressor genes. Give two or more reasons why inherited forms of cancer seldom involve activated oncogenes.Skin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal to that of allother cancers combined. Following is a graph [modified fromK. H. Kraemer (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 94:11–14]depicting the age of onset of skin cancers in patients with orwithout XP, where the cumulative percentage of skin cancer is plotted against age. The non-XP curve is based on 29,757 cancerssurveyed by the National Cancer Institute, and the curverepresenting those with XP is based on 63 skin cancers from theXeroderma Pigmentosum Registry.