Give a discussion from the economies of scale perspective on the statement “trade need not be the result of comparative advantage”. And derive the relationship between the number of firms (n) and the price each firm charges (P) for the model of monopolistic competition. [Hint: P = c + 1/ (b * n); c is the marginal cost; b is a positive constant term representing the responsiveness of a firm’s sales to its prices]
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Give a discussion from the economies of scale perspective on the statement “trade need not be the result of
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- Two firms (called firm 1 and firm 2) are the only sellers of a good for which the demand equation is Here, q is the total quantity of the good demanded and p is the price of the good measured in dollars. Neither firm has any fixed costs, and each firm’s marginal cost of producing a unit of goods is $2. Imagine that each firm produces some quantity of goods, and that these goods are sold to consumers at the highest price at which all of the goods can be sold. A Cournot equilibrium in this environment is a pair of outputs (q1, q2) such that, when firm 1 produces q1 units of goods and firm 2 produces q2 units of goods, neither firm can raise its profits by unilaterally changing its output. Find the Cournot equilibrium. Determine whether the price at which the goods are sold exceeds marginal cost.There are two firms selling differentiated products. Firm A faces the following demand for his product: QA=20-1/2PA+1/4PB Firm B faces the following demand: QB=220-1/2PB+1/4PA PA represents the price set by firm A. PB represents the price set by firm B.Assume that the marginal cost is zero both for firm A and firm B.What are the equilibrium prices of a simultaneous price competition?What would the equilibrium prices be if A is the leader and B is the follower?Could you answer #2 please? Thanks! 1. Reproduce the numerical example from the chapter on Monopolistic Competition in the book by Krugman & Obstfeld. If you do not have the book, here is the relevant information (the model and the equations are the same as those in the slides). Consider two countries, Home and Foreign, with the following market sizes: SH = 900,000 and SF = 1,600,000. The demand function for industry i is represented by Q = S[( 1 / n − 1 / 30,000) ∙ (Pi − P)] While the total cost function is represented by TC = 750,000,000 + 5,000 ∙ Q (a) Compute the long-run equilibrium price and the long-run number of varieties in Home and in Foreign under AUTARKY. (b) Compute the long-run equilibrium price and the long-run number of varieties in the integrated market when there is FREE TRADE. (c) Compare (a) and (b) and show that both countries are better off. 2. Now suppose that the two countries that we considered in the numerical example of the previous exercise were to…
- Consider two price-setting oligopolies supplying consumers in a certain region of a country. Firm 1 employs many of the people living there and the local government subsidizes its operations. In all other respects, the firms are identical-they have the same constant marginal cost, MC = 4, and produce the same good. The demand function for Firm 1 is q1 = 600 - 50p1 - 20p2 and for Firm 2 is q2 = 600 - 50p2 - 20p1, where p1 is Firm 1's price and p2 is Firm 2's price. a. What are the Nash-Bertrand equilibrium prices and quantities without the subsidy? b. What are they if Firm 1 receives a per-unit subsidy of S = 1? Compare the two equilibria.Q3. There are two firms selling differentiated products. Firm A faces the following demand for his product: e, = 20 – -P, + -P, 2. Firm B faces the following demand: 1 P. +-P, 2. 0, = 220- Assume that the marginal cost is zero both for firm A and firm B. What are the equilibrium prices of a simultaneous price competition? What would the equilibrium prices be if A is the leader and B is the follower?Evaluate the following: “Since a rival’s profit-maximizing price and output depend on its marginal cost and not its fixed costs, a firm cannot profitably lessen competition by implementing a strategy that raises its rival’s fixed costs.”
- Suppose button industry is characterized by monopolistic competition with external economy. China is currently the dominant producer of buttons. Explain why Vietnam may find it difficult to compete with China in a button industry even if Vietnam has lower average cost as a function of the size of the industryIf you have a graph showing a monopolistic competitive situation in which demand shifts to the left in the long run but your graph only shows the MR curve in the short run, how do you figure out where the long-run MR line should go on the graph? (I have 2 demand curves (sr and lr), but only 1 MR curve (sr). I think it would be to the left of MR sr, but don't know how to draw it. One would need to know this to figure out excess capacity and markup, right?From the following graph, show the equilibriums under each scenario. Market is in equilibrium at A under competitive market. (a) Show the equilibrium under monopoly. Call this point B (b) When the demand increased in the area due to immigration, show the new competitive equilibrium, call this point C. (c) Show the new monopolistic equilibrium with increased demand and call this point D.
- Since you know all about perfect competition, monopoly, and oligopoly, we can find out how various types of firms might feel about uncertainty concerning the prices of its factors of production and output. Consider a profit-maximizing firm that produces a single good from several factors. The firm is characterized by a production function y = f(x1, ... , Xn), where y is the level of output obtainable from factor inputs x1, ... , Xn. We will use p to denote the price of the output good, and Wi to denote the price of factor input i. When there is uncertainty a priori about these prices, the firm is allowed to choose its production plan after any uncertainty in prices resolves. (c) Finally, consider this question in the context of a von Stackelberg duopoly. Two firms produce an undifferentiated commodity for which demand is given by P = A - X, where P is price and X is total supply. Demand-is unchanging. Each firm has production technology with a fixed cost F for producing anything at…Economics: Industrial Economics Question: In a market that operates under quantity competition there are 2 firms (Cournot duopoly). The inverse demand function is P = A - B Q. The cost structure of firm 1 is given by C1(q1) = F1 + c1 q1 and that of firm 2 is given by C2(q2) = F2 + c2 q2. Prior to competing, the two firms can engage in research at levels (x1, x2) respectively in order to lower their marginal costs. As a result, marginal costs are c1 = c - x1 - β2x2 and c2= C - x2 - β1 X1. where β1 = β2 > ½. Finally, the research costs are F1 = a1 (x1)^2 /2 and F2 = a2 (x2)^2 /2, where a1 > 0 and a2> 0. 1. The Nash Equilibrium research levels are Choices: A. Higher than the cooperative research levels for both firms. B. Higher than cooperative research levels for firm 1 but lower for... C. Lower than the cooperative research levels for both firms. D. Higher than cooperative research levels for firm 2 but lower for... 2. An increase in the value of a2 would Choices: A.…Gamma and Zeta are the only two widget manufacturers in the world. Each firm has a cost function given by: C(q) = 10+20q + q^2, where q is number of widgets produced. The market demand for widgets is represented by the inverse demand equation: P = 200 - 2Q where Q = q1 + q2 is total output. Suppose that each firm maximizes its profits taking its rival's output as given (i.e. the firms behave as Cournot oligopolists). a) What will be the equilibrium quantity selected by each firm? What is the market price? What is the profit level for each firm? Equilibrium quantity for each firm__ price__ profit__ b) It occurs to the managers of Gamma and Zeta that they could do a lot better by colluding. If the two firms were to collude in a symmetric equilibrium, what would be the profit-maximizing choice of output for each firm? What is the industry price? What is the profit for each firm in this case? Equilibrium quantity for each firm__ price__ profit__ c) What minimum discount factor is required…