For the following two-person, zero-sum game, are there any dominated strategies? If so, eliminate any dominated strategy and find the value of the game and the probability. PLAYER Y's STRATEGIES Y₁ Y₂ Y₂ PLAYER X's X₁ 4 5 10 STRATEGIES X₂ 4 2 X₂ 9 3 8 6
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- Suppose there are two players playing a game with east or west and south and nerth ways. Find the expected Nash equilibrium by using the concept of probabilities. Player X Left[L) Right|R) Player Y Up(U) (5,6) (0,8) (4,6) Down[D) (0,9)Exercise 6.8. Consider the following extensive-form game with cardinal payoffs: 1 R O player pay 000 2 1 M 3 b 010 O player 3's payoff 1 2 221 2 000 0 0 (a) Find all the pure-strategy Nash equilibria. Which ones are also subgame perfect? (b) [This is a more challenging question] Prove that there is no mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium where Player 1 plays Mwith probability strictly between 0 and 1.In equilibrium, what is the probability that player 1 will use the pure strategy E in this game?
- Consider a situation of after-match penalty shoot-out. The striker can target either East or West side of the goal. If he targets West, with 80% chance he shoots on target. If he shoots East, he is accurate with 75%. The goalkeeper has to choose the corner to jump to. If he does not guess the corner correctly and the shot is on target, then the striker scores. If the striker shoots West, the shot is on target and the goalkeeperjumps West, then with 75% chance he saves the goal. If the striker shoots East, the shot is on target and the goalkeeper jumps East, then with chance of 2/3 he saves the goal. Suppose, that it is a zero-sum game and if the striker scores his payoff is 1, otherwise it is 0.1. Formulate this situation as a strategic game and Find all Nash equilibria of the game.With what probability does player 1 play Down in the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium? (Input your answer as a decimal to the nearest hundredth, for example: 0.14, 0.56, or 0.87). PLAYER 1 Up Down PLAYER 2 Left 97,95 47, 33 Right 8,43 68,917. N [0.75] B A [0.25] 1 E F 6 2 J K J K 12 3 9. 6 6. 1 In equilibrium, what is the probability that player 1 will use the pure strategy E in this game?
- A game is played as follows: First Player 1 decides (Y or N) whether or not to play.If she chooses N, the game ends. If she chooses Y, then Player 2 decides (Y or N) whetheror not to play. If he chooses N the game ends. If he chooses Y, then they go ahead and playanother game with the payoffs shown below. A player who opts out by choosing N gets 2 andthe other player gets 0. Draw the tree of this game and then find the two subgame-perfect Nashequilibria.2. Consider the following Bayesian game with two players. Both players move simultaneously and player 1 can choose either H or L, while player 2's options are G, M, and D. With probability 1/2 the payoffs are given by "Game 1" : GMD H 1,2 1,0 1,3 L 2,4 0,0 0,5 and with probability 1/2 the payoffs are according to "Game 2" : G |M|D H 1,2 1,3 1,0 L 2,4 0,5 0,0 (a) Find the Nash Equilibria when neither player knows which game is actually played. (b) Assume now that player 2 knows which one among the two games is actually being played. Check that the game has a unique Bayesian Nash Equilibrium.(b) Consider the simultaneous-move game below with two players, 1 and 2. Each player has two pure strategies. If a player plays both strategies with strictly positive probability, we call it a strictly mixed strategy for that player. Show that there is no Nash equilibrium in which both 1 and 2 play a strictly mixed strategy. Player 2 b₁ b₂ Player 1 a₁ 3,0 0,1 a2 2,1 2,1
- 3. Find the saddle point, if it exists, for the following game. (b) Solve the following game by using the principle of dominance and find the probabilities of strategies for each player and the value of the game. Player B Player A II III IV V 3 4 4 II 2 4 III 4 4 IV 4 4 20 2420 8760Consider two firms who are engaged in a Research and Development (R&D) "con- test". Both firms simultaneously expend resources to try to win the contest (which may mean developing a superior product or developing a product before the com- petitor). If the two firms expend bị and b2, respectively, on R&D, the probability that firm 1 wins the contest is if b1 = b2 =0 BE otherwise P1(b1, b2) = where r is some exogenous constant, r E (0, 0). If firm 1 wins the contest, it will subsequently earn revenue of 1 (not including the cost of R&D, b1). If firm 1 loses the contest, it will earn zero revenue, and thus lose bj in total. Hence, firm l's expected profit is n'(b1,b2) = p1(b1,b2) - b1. Everything is symmetric for firm 2. i. How does p1(b1,0) depend on b1? Is it an equilibrium for both firms to spend nothing on R&D (b1 = b2 = 0)? Prove and explain your answer. For which values of r is n' (b,b2) concave in b1 when b2 > 0? ii. Consider the possibility of a symmetric pure-strategy…Exercise 6.1Suppose that two airlines decide to collude. Analyse the game between these two companies. Suppose that each of them can charge for tickets a high price or a low price. If one of them charges 100 euros, it gets few profits if the other also charges 100 euros and high profits if the other charges 200 euros. On the other hand, if the company charges 200 euros, it obtains very little profit if the other charges 100 euros and an average profit if the other also charges 200 euros. a) Represent the matrix of results of this game. b) What is the Nash equilibrium in this game? Explain your answer. c) Is there an outcome that would be better than the Nash equilibrium for the two airlines? How could it be achieved? Who would lose out if it were reached?