For each of the following, describe the path the protein takes to its final destination in the cell. Drawings are strongly recommended! Proteins: 1) Hedgehog (released from the signaling cell), 2) Smoothened, 3) Ci/GliYour answers should include the following if they apply for each protein: o Sorting sequences and how the protein knows where to go at each step (what recognizes different sorting sequences/tags) o How/when the protein is inserted into the membrane (if it is a membrane protein) o What organelles the protein passes through on its way to its final destination o How the protein is transported (vesicles? translocons? etc.), including a role for microtubules o How the protein might be modified in each organelle it passes through o What other proteins are involved in transport and how the system is reset to allow for other proteins to be transported

For each of the following, describe the path the protein takes to its final destination in the cell. Drawings are strongly recommended! Proteins: 1) Hedgehog (released from the signaling cell), 2) Smoothened, 3) Ci/GliYour answers should include the following if they apply for each protein: o Sorting sequences and how the protein knows where to go at each step (what recognizes different sorting sequences/tags) o How/when the protein is inserted into the membrane (if it is a membrane protein) o What organelles the protein passes through on its way to its final destination o How the protein is transported (vesicles? translocons? etc.), including a role for microtubules o How the protein might be modified in each organelle it passes through o What other proteins are involved in transport and how the system is reset to allow for other proteins to be transported

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter9: Gene Expression And Gene Regulation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 18QP: The following is a portion of a protein: met-trp-tyr-arg-gly-pro-thr-Various mutant forms of this...

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For each of the following, describe the path the protein takes to its final destination in the cell.Drawings are strongly recommended! If you need more space, you can use a separate sheet ofpaper. Proteins: 1) Hedgehog (released from the signaling cell), 2) Smoothened, 3) Ci/GliYour answers should include the following if they apply for each protein:o Sorting sequences and how the protein knows where to go at each step (what recognizesdifferent sorting sequences/tags). How/when the protein is inserted into the membrane (if it is a membrane protein) What organelles the protein passes through on its way to its final destination. How the protein is transported (vesicles? translocons? etc.), including a role for microtubules.How the protein might be modified in each organelle it passes through. What other proteins are involved in transport and how the system is reset to allow for otherproteins to be transported.
Indicate (x) if the following statements about synthesis of proteins containing an ER signal sequence are True or False: True False i. Translation is initiated by ribosomes located on the ER membrane The signal recognition particle (SRP) binds a sequence of nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids. ii. iii. The ER signal sequence may be cleaved by signal peptidase on the cytoplasmic side of the ER membrane. iv. The part of a transmembrane protein that will ultimately be located outside of the cell is inserted into the lumen of the ER during translation. A stop transfer sequence is a series of polar amino acids that halts translocation of a newly synthesized peptide into the ER lumen.
The general requirements for protein transport are signal peptide, receptor, translocase complex and energy source. Make a real-life analogy showing how these factors work together to ensure successful and accurate targeting of a protein.
Transport of histidine into a bacterial cell was measured at several different histidine concentrations, see table below. Based on these data, is histidine uptake facilitated by a carrier or channel protein? a b Histidine (uM) 2.5 7 16 31 72 с Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. A carrier protein because it becomes saturated. A carrier protein because it does not become saturated. A channel protein because it becomes saturated. Transport (uM/min) d A channel protein because it does not become saturated. 42.5 119 240 490 1000 X Your answer
Here is a putative peptide sequence (position number on top of residues): 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 NH2- G C G N V T H N Q C V L S -COOH If expressed in a eukaryotic cell (please mark your answer in the blank space): Position(s) ___ could be N-glycosylated Position(s) ___ could be modified with myristic acid and the bond formed would be a ______________ Position(s) ______and _____ could be modified with palmiti c acid and the bond formed would be a ______________ Positio n(s) ________ could be a segment of a lipid-linked protein with a farnesyl anchor and the bond formed would be a ______________ Position(s) ________ could be a segment of an O-glycosylated protein Position(s) ________ could be modified with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor Position(s) ________ could be phosphorylated
The following is a portion of a protein: met-trp-tyr-arg-gly-pro-thr-Various mutant forms of this protein have been recovered. Using the normal and mutant sequences, determine the DNA and mRNA sequences that code for this portion of the protein, and explain each of the mutations. a. met-trp- b. met-cys-ile-val-val-leu-gln- c. met-trp-tyr-arg-ser-pro-thr- d. met-trp-tyr-arg-gly-ala-val-ile-ser-pro-thr-
8) Indicate which of the five major types of membrane protein (adhesion, enzymatic, recognition, receptor, and transport) is most likely to be involved in each of the situations described below: a) An oncologist wants to study the cells from a certain tumour that has been surgically removed from a patient. However, she must first treat the tumour with a solution affects a membrane protein on the tumour cells. Because of the effect of the solution on the membrane protein, the tumour tissue falls apart into individual cells. Type of membrane protein: b) Farmer Jebediah wakes up in the morning and makes himself an extra-strong coffee. The caffeine in the coffee attaches to a protein in the plasma membrane of his neurons, inducing a signal transduction cascade and causing Farmer Jebediah to be more alert Type of membrane protein:
Members of the integrin family are the major cell surface receptors for many ECM proteins such as fibronectin. In experimental studies, single integrin heterodimers have been found to assume more than one structural conformation. Describe the relationship between integrin structures and their activities.
ERAD, or ER associated degradation, is a quality control measure with the following function: A. misfolded proteins activate the expression of genes such as chaperones that will help to refold and stabilize misfolded proteins until the fold correctly B. proteins that cannot fold correctly are ejected from the ER through the translocon and degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the cytosol C. misfolded proteins are ubiquitinated and degraded by proteasomes inside the ER D. Unfolded proteins in the ER activate a transmembrane kinase in the ER that phosphorylates misfolded proteins that are sent to the lysosome in vesicles for degradation
In a given sample (whole organism, tissue, cell, subcellular compartment), what fraction of the whole proteome is expressed (i.e., which proteins are present)?
A current focus of molecular medicine is to trigger or promote apoptosis of specific cells. several components of the apoptotic pathways are being targeted using this approach. for following, state specifically how the treatment would be expected to stimulate or inhibit apoptosis. c. Treatment of cells with organic compounds that enter the cell and bind with high affinity to the active site of Caspase-3
The following observations are made on an unknownmembrane protein, X. It can be extracted from disrupted erythrocyte membranes into aconcentrated salt solution, and it can be cleaved into fragments by proteolytic enzymes. Treatment of erythrocytes with proteolytic enzymes followed by disruption and extraction of membrane components yields intact X. However, treatment of erythrocyte “ghosts” (which consist of just plasma membranes, produced by disrupting the cells and washing outthe hemoglobin) with proteolytic enzymes, followed by disruption and extraction, yields extensively fragmented X. What do these observations indicate about the location of X in the plasma membrane? Do the properties of X resemble those of an integral or peripheral membrane protein?