Explain why a different influenza vaccine is necessary every year. How is this different from the development of pandemic versions? Please include in your answer the terms antigenic shift and antigenic drift.
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- Explain why a different influenza vaccine is necessary every year. How is this different from the development of pandemic versions? Please include in your answer the terms antigenic shift and antigenic drift.
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- Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. Below is a graph showing the prevalence of cases of pertussis in England and Wales. Answer ALL of the following questions based on the graph. 1) What do the orange and the green lines signify? 2) Make TWO inferences on the relationship between the orange and the green lines. 3) Estimate within a 5-year span, the approximate time that a vaccine for pertussis became available.Which link in the chain of infection is the intervention described below meant to break? "N95 respirators reduce the wearer's exposure to airborne particles, from small particle aerosols to large droplets. N95 respirators are tight-fitting respirators that filter out at least 95% of particles in the air, including large and small particles." (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- ncov/hcp/respirator-use-faq.html) Portal of entry Means of transmission O Infectious agent Susceptible hostWhat is the Coronavirus? Is it a living organism? How does it reproduce? The current vaccines that are being distributed in the United States are made by Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson and Johnson. Explain how they work and how health officials believe they will aid in the pandemic? What should we expect as more and more people get vaccinated? Will things immediately go back to the way they were before? What is the Delta variant and how is it impeding on getting things back to "normal"?
- Describe the pathogen that causes “The Flu”. What happens you get the flu and how did you most likely acquire it. Explain how the causal pathogen is different from many other pathogens in terms of why it can cause epidemics and pandemics and why you need an annual vaccine. Define the terms antigenic shift and antigenic drift and explain how they are related to this disease.What is Influenza? What is the best way to prevent flu? Is there any alternative to vaccination in preventing influenza?H1N1 and H5N2 can undergo an antigenic shift. The H and N genes are independent gene segments. What variants of influenza could you get?
- Briefly describe how antigenic shifts occur and can lead to the generation of pandemic influenza viruses.A few years ago researchers identified another protein involved in cell invasion by P. falciparum, Rh5. PfRh5 is required in red blood cell invasion. It binds to a specific protein (basigin) in red blood cell membranes and it shows almost no variation among P. falciparum strains. What part(s) of this story is/are important relative to our discussion on malaria vaccines? Option C: PfRh1 appears to be invariant All three of these observations (A-C) are crucial Option A: PfRh1 is required for cell invasion, i.e. no alternative pathways Option B: PfRh1 binds to basigin Options A and CThe world is relieved and excited at the availability of vaccines against COVID-19 pandemic. a) Complete Table 1 on the comparison of two vaccines that are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Table 1 Comparison of the Moderna and Johnson & Johnson vaccine against COVID-19.
- Choose all the true statements regarding coronavirus proteins. Vaccine preventable diseases include COVID-19. For coronaviruses, it is more likely to find evolving mutations in the portion of the spike protein than the nucleocapsid protein. Mutations in the genetic code for the spike protein will produce 3D changes that are more likely to affect vaccine efficacy than changes to the nucleocapsid protein code. The nucleocapsid protein interacts with viral nucleic acid specifically whereas the spike protein interacts with the host protein non-specifically.What part of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a potential target site for a vaccine? Explain your reasoning; include in your discussion the following terms: antigen, epitope, and antibody.The Ro of Ebola has been estimated to be somewhere between 1.5 and 2. See graphic below. The number of people that one sick person will infect (on average) is called R₂. Here are the maximum R, values for a few viruses. more contagious R₂- Hepatitis C (2) Ebola (2) HIV (4) SARS (4) Mumps (10) Measles (18) **** What percentage of the population would have to be vaccinated to stop the spread of Ebola if it were to be introduced to a new continent? a. 33-50% O b. >99% C. 75-99% d. 66-75% e. <33%