Explain what biochemical pathway/metabolic processes are affected in insulin resistance? How does this affect glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis
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Explain what biochemical pathway/
How does this affect glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis.
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- How does exercise influence postprandial lipemia and hyperglycemia? What is a mitochondrial mechanism of insulin insensitivity associated with high-fat diet?What is the full regulatory pathway of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase by insulin and the GPCR pathway?Does the allosteric regulation induced by insulin activate (or repress) phosphofructokinase-1 activity?
- List reaction or pathways of fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis affected by insulin and glucagon.Which TCA component is syphoned off to increase glucose production via gluconeogenesis when glucose consumed levels are low?Many diabetics do not respond to insulin because of a deficiency of insulin receptors on their cells. How does this aff ect (a) the levels of circulating glucose immediately after a meal and (b) the rate of glycogen synthesis in muscle?
- What is insulin resistance? Hypoglycemia? Hyperglycemia? Explain its similarities and differencesGiven insulin's structure, where is its target likely located? Insulin's adverse side effects include headache, nau- sea, hunger, confusion and weakness. What can these symptoms be attributed to? Insulin has major effects on muscle and adipose tissue. It increases the rate of glucose transport across the cell membrane, decreases the rate of lipolysis, and increases uptake of triglycerides and some amino acids from the blood. In doing so, what metabolic processes does it favor? Carbohydrates: Lipids: Proteins:Which might be a physiological phenotype associated with loss of function of GLUT1? inability of glucose to enter the intestinal cells from the intestinal lumen and high glucose excreted accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelial cytoplasm loss of glucose transport into somatic tissues (such as neurons in the brain) low glucose levels in the bloodstream
- Glycogen synthesis and breakdown are regulated primarily at the hormonal level. However, important nonhormonal mechanisms also control the rates of synthesis and mobilization. Describe these non- hormonal regulatory processes.Mrs. Salma, a 55-year-old diabetic patient, experiences slow wound healing and peripheral neuropathy. Investigation reveals alterations in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. How might dysregulation in the PPP contribute to complications such as slow wound healing and peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients? Impaired nucleotide synthesis. Elevated insulin sensitivity. Lactic acid accumulation. Reduced oxidative stress.How do insulin and epinephrine regulate glycogen metabolism in the muscle through the Glycogen targeting protein GM?