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Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
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- 7. The ability of some microbes, such as Trypanosoma or Giardia to alter their surface molecules and evade destruction by the host's antibodies is called: cytopathic effect lysogenic conversion antigenic variationWhich of the following is NOT true about the current coronavirus global pandemic (COVID-19)? O Laboratory diagnosis of infection is based on detecting serum antibodies against the causative microbe O Person-to-person transmission can occur through respiratory secretions (droplets and/or aerosols) O The causative microbe can infect many tissue types by binding to a cell's Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE2) receptor O Caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Three of the vaccines currently authorized in the US are nucleic acid vaccines O1. Explain why pathogens need to attach to host cells. 2. Describe various microbial attachment techniques. 3. Describe the 5 steps involved in establishing infection. 4. Explain the modes of action for staphylococcal alpha toxin, cholera toxin, diphtheria toxin, Shiga toxin, and anthrax toxin. 5. Differentiate endotoxin from exotoxin. 6. Describe secretion systems used to export exotoxins/effector proteins. 7. Discuss the three main ways intracellular pathogens avoid intracellular destruction. 8. Describe various strategies pathogens use to avoid the immune system. 9. Describe mechanisms used by Listeria and Salmonella to establish infection in the host cell
- 1. Describe the theory of ‘fundamental causes of disease.” 2. Apply this theory to 1.) the epidemiology of Chagas disease, and 2.) discuss how this would frame your preferred intervention for vector control.2. Please define what a biological vector is and a mechanical vector. Please give an example of each and how this can lead to someone being inflicted with a disease.3. What is the importance of virulence factors? How is this helpful to the microbe? Provide three examples of virulence factors
- 1 - Define the term pathogen. a) Using MRSA, NOROVIRUS, ATHLETES FOOT and MALARIA as examples, identify the microorganisms (causal agent) involved in each disease. b)Provide some information on the microorganism for each disease e.g. structure C) Discuss 3 routes of entry that disease causing organisms use to enter the body.1. If a microorganism cannot be cultivated into pure culture, how will its pathogenicity be established in a host? (KOCH'S POSTULATE) a. What are the general factors that must interplay for disease to develop? b. Why are koch's postulate not useful in determining etiology of a viral disease?How would you suggest for preventing HEV infection? Why the development of vaccines for HCV is difficult?
- Discuss the effects of several virulence factors that help microbesinvade hosts and evade host defenses.4. Name several ways microbes can attach to host tissues/cells.Discuss the following virulence factors: collagenase, hemolysin, siderophore. For each, explain the molecules involved, the pathogen-host interaction, and name a species and disease associated with each factor.