Discuss the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the body's response to emotional stress, including the hormonal cascade involved and the physiological effects.
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Discuss the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the body's response to emotional stress, including the hormonal cascade involved and the physiological effects.
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- When we perceive a stressful event or situation, our brain enhances our initial stress response by activating the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Which of the following does NOT occur as part of the HPA pathway? A) The hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system by stimulating the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. B) The hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). C) The pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). D) The adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoid hormones into the bloodstream.Elevated levels of cortisol have been shown to reduce areas of the hippocampus in the brain resulting in short term memory loss in older adults. (source: Sonia J. Lupien et al. Nature Neuroscience 1, 69-73 [1998]) Exposure to long-term stress results in elevated levels of cortisol in adults. Over time, cortisol may have detrimental effects on your health. Determine the effect below that is NOT a result of long-term stress. Select one: O a. Blood pressure is elevated. O b. The body is more prone to infections. c. The breathing rate increases. Od. Blood sugar levels are elevated. Clear my choiceDraw a table to differentiate Nervous System from the Endocrine System in terms of the following: 1. Molecules released 2. Site of action 3. Types of target cells 4. Onset of action 5. Duration of action
- Describe the trophic effect of ACTH on the adrenal cortex and its significance concerning drug therapies involving glucocorticoid treatments.For both T1DM and T2DM, describe the following: Causes Symptoms Treatments Glucose levels Insulin levels Insulin receptor sensitivity Also please discuss the cause/effect relationship between acute and chronic stress (chronic disease or homelessness, for instance) and T1DM and T2DM. What is the mechanism by which the nervous system impacts stress hormones? Are there neurotransmitters involved? Which neurotransmitters? Which stress hormones?Briefly explain the effect of a primary endocrine disorder on both the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
- Elevated levels of cortisol have been shown to reduce areas of the hippocampus in the brain resulting in short term memory loss in older adults.(source: Sonia J. Lupien et al. Nature Neuroscience 1, 69–73 [1998])Exposure to long-term stress results in elevated levels of cortisol in adults. Over time, cortisol may have detrimental effects on your health.Determine the effect below that is NOT a result of long-term stress.Among the given statements, which ones correctly describe the commonality in dopamine and epinephrine? Select the correct response(s): 10 0 Their formation involves esterification. They are associated with the sensation of pleasure. They are phenolic compounds. They are monoamine compounds. They act as hormones. They are anionic in nature. They are synthesized in the adrenaline glands. They can be synthesized from tyrosine only. They involve a transmethylation reaction in their synthesis.Over time, the most accurate route from anxiety to depression include neurotransmitter deficiency is: high mental stress imbalance of neurotransmitter cortisol signaling depression high mental stress depletion of neurotransmittereuphoria recovery chemical stress imbalance of neurotransmitter anxiety cortisol signaling anxiety norepinephrine surge cortisol signaling anxiety
- Explain the concept of coordination in the context of endocrine system function. Differentiate exocrine from endocrine glands. Describe the roles of the hypothalamus, pituitary glands, target glands, and target organs. Enumerate the secretion of the hypothalamus and their functions. List the hormones secreted by the anterior and posteriors pituitary glands and their functions. Explain the hormonal secretion and their functions of the following: thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal (cortex and medulla), gonads (testis, ovaries), pancreas (beta and alpha cells), thymus, pineal glands. Describe the functions of hormones secreted by the following internal organs: heart, liver, kidney, stomach, small intestines, colon, and muscles Explain the concept of negative and positive feedback. Describe drugs that affect the endocrine system: thyroid replacement hormones, steroids, insulin. Give examples of nursing diagnosis that apply to issues of the endocrine system.Describe similarities and differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system in their method of operation and effects.Describe the “adrenaline rush” pathway during short-term stress. Identify the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla. What are the target organs of each hormone and the effects of each hormone on their target organs? What is the stimulus for an adrenaline rush?