Determine the equivalent state of stress which represents the principal stresses, and the maximum in-plane shear stress and the associated average normal stress. For each case, determine the corresponding orientation of the element with respect to the element shown in the figure below. (Figure 1)

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Stress transformation

The term stress indicates the measure of internal forces that develop due to an external force's application on an object. When a specific external force is applied to an object, internal stress generates in the material. The value of stress can obtain by taking the ratio of the externally applied force and cross-sectional area of the object. There are different types of stress depending on the type of external force.