Create a graph as a better way to display the data in the table 2) Determine which mutations (5q, 18q, 17p, Ras) caused the progression to each stage of tumorigenesis.
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1) Create a graph as a better way to display the data in the table
2) Determine which mutations (5q, 18q, 17p, Ras) caused the progression to each stage of tumorigenesis.
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- Skin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal to that of allother cancers combined. Following is a graph [modified fromK. H. Kraemer (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 94:11–14]depicting the age of onset of skin cancers in patients with orwithout XP, where the cumulative percentage of skin cancer is plotted against age. The non-XP curve is based on 29,757 cancerssurveyed by the National Cancer Institute, and the curverepresenting those with XP is based on 63 skin cancers from theXeroderma Pigmentosum Registry.For the following diseases, describe the best technique for diagnosing them. Please make sure you include how you would tell someone with the disease from someone without the disease. B. Factor V Leiden thrombophilia is caused by a point mutation at position 1691 in exon 10 of the Factor V clotting factor gene that changes an arginine into a glutamine. This change removes one of the cleavage sites for activated protein C and leads to an increased tendency to clot.In Metastatic Breast Cancer [such as in Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Carcinoma, NOS; Breast Invasive Cancer, NOS; Invasive Breast Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Lobular Carcinoma; Breast Mixed Ductal and Lobular Carcinoma] what role does the genes Tp53 and Tp63 have? Would one of them affect the other (i.e. mutation, etc) or there is not relationship among the two genes at all.
- 1. Describe & explain the pathophysiology of cancer based on the diagram. Reference: https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/cancer-etiology-pathophysiology-types-diagnosis-and- treatment/ Acquired (environmental) DNA damaging agents: • chemical • radiation viruses Activation of growth- promoting oncogenes NORMAL CELL DNA Damage Failure of DNA repair Mutations in the genome of somatic cells Alteration of genes that regulate apoptosis Malignant neoplasm / Successful DNA repair CANCER Inherited mutations: • Genes affecting DNA repair • Genes affecting cell growth Expression of altered gene products and loss of regulatory gene products Inactivation of cancer suppresor genes Clonal expansion Additional mutations (progression) T HeterogeneityWhat percentage of cells in an organ or a tissue need toexpress a therapeutic gene to alleviate the effects of agenetic disorder?Our understanding of the molecular biology of cancer formation has been greatly enhanced by studying oncogenic viruses. Answer the following questions regarding oncogenic retroviruses? What is an oncogene? How does if differ from a proto-oncogene? Why are retroviruses prone to accumulating oncogenes? Explain how a gain of function mutation in the Ras protein caused by a retrovirus might lead to cancer formation
- Our understanding of the molecular biology of cancer formation has been greatly enhanced by studying oncogenic viruses. Answer the following questions regarding oncogenic retroviruses? Explain how a gain of function mutation in the Ras protein caused by a retrovirus might lead to cancer formation.Which of the given disorder can be seen in an individual when the mutation includes substitution of a purine by pyrimidine? 1. Chronic myelogenous leukemia 2. Sickle cell anaemia 3. a thalassemia 4. B thalassemiaBriefly outline how the Philadelphia chromosome leads to chronic myelogenous leukemia.
- Define a Point mutation and give an example. What is sickle cell anemia and what causes it. What is nondisjunction? How does nondisjunction cause disorders? NUMER YOUR ANSWERSName two ways in which loss of p53 function contributes to a malignant phenotype. Explain how benzo(a) pyrene can cause loss of p53 function. Hint: Loss of p53 function occurs in the majority of human tumors.Give only typing answer with explanation and conclusion A healthy asymptomatic 27 year old female, Susan, presents to your clinic with known family history of Spastic Paraplegia 4 caused by pathogenic SPAST mutation identified in her mother. She wants to know the risk that she will develop symptoms eventually based on this information. the penetrance of SPAST mutation is approximately 85% for women and 96% for men.