"Passenger Interchange"In most major cities the amount of congestion on the roads is increasing.Somethis is due to commercial vehicles, but by far the majority is due to privatecars. There are several ways of controlling the number of vehicles using certainareas. These include prohibition of cars in pedestrian areas, restricted entry, limits onparking, traffic calming schemes, and so on. A relatively new approach has road usercharging, where cars pay a fee to use a particular length of road, with the feepossibly changing with prevailing traffic conditions. Generally, the most effectiveapproach to reducing traffic congestion is to improve public transport. These servicesmust be attractive to people who judge them by a range of factors, such as thecomfort of seating, amount of crowding, handling of luggage, availability of food,toilets, safety, facilities in waiting areas, availability of escalators and lifts, and so on.However, the dominant considerations are cost, time and reliability.Buses are often the most flexible form of public transport, with the time for a journeyconsisting of four parts:• joining time, which is the time needed to get to a bus stop• waiting time, until the bus arrives• journey time, to actually do the travelling• leaving time, to get from the bus to the final destination.Transport policies can reduce these times by a combination of frequentservices, well- planned routes, and bus priority schemes. Then convenient journeysand subsidized travel make buses an attractive alternative. One problem, however, isthat people have to change buses, or transfer between buses and other types oftransport, including cars, planes, trains, ferries and trams. Then there are additionaltimes for moving between one type of transport and the next and waiting for the nextpart of the service. These can be minimized by an integrated transport system withfrequent, connecting services at 'passenger interchanges'. Passenger interchangesseem a good idea, but they are not universally popular. Most people prefer astraight-through journey between two points, even if this is less frequent than anintegrated service with interchanges. The reason is probably because there are moreopportunities for things to go wrong, and experience suggests that even starting ajourney does not guarantee that it will successfully finish.In practice, most major cities such as London and Paris have successfulinterchanges, and they are spreading into smaller towns, such as Montpellier inFrance. For the ten years up to 2001 the population of Montpellier grew by more than8.4 per cent, and it moved from being the 22nd largest town in France to the eighthlargest. It has good transport links with the port of Sète, an airport, inland waterways,main road networks and a fast rail link to Paris. In 2001 public transport wasenhanced with a 15 kilometer tramline connecting major sites in the town centre withother transport links. At the same time, buses were rerouted to connect to the tram,cycling was encouraged for short distances, park-and-ride services were improved,and journeys were generally made easier. As a result, there has been an increase inuse of public transport, a reduction in the number of cars in the town center, andimproved air quality. When the tram opened in 2000, a third of the population tried itin the first weekend, and it carried a million people within seven weeks of opening. In2005, a second tramline will add 19 kilometers to the routes. Case Study Questions:1. Are the problems of moving people significantlydifferent from the problems of moving goods orservices?2. What are the benefits of public transport over privatetransport? Should public transport be encouragedand, if so how?3. What are the benefits of integrated public transportsystems?4. How can you use the benefit of good transportationsystem in logistics management?

Question

&#34;Passenger Interchange&#34;In most major cities the amount of congestion on the roads is increasing.Somethis is due to commercial vehicles, but by far the majority is due to privatecars. There are several ways of controlling the number of vehicles using certainareas. These include prohibition of cars in pedestrian areas, restricted entry, limits onparking, traffic calming schemes, and so on. A relatively new approach has road usercharging, where cars pay a fee to use a particular length of road, with the feepossibly changing with prevailing traffic conditions. Generally, the most effectiveapproach to reducing traffic congestion is to improve public transport. These servicesmust be attractive to people who judge them by a range of factors, such as thecomfort of seating, amount of crowding, handling of luggage, availability of food,toilets, safety, facilities in waiting areas, availability of escalators and lifts, and so on.However, the dominant considerations are cost, time and reliability.Buses are often the most flexible form of public transport, with the time for a journeyconsisting of four parts:• joining time, which is the time needed to get to a bus stop• waiting time, until the bus arrives• journey time, to actually do the travelling• leaving time, to get from the bus to the final destination.Transport policies can reduce these times by a combination of frequentservices, well- planned routes, and bus priority schemes. Then convenient journeysand subsidized travel make buses an attractive alternative. One problem, however, isthat people have to change buses, or transfer between buses and other types oftransport, including cars, planes, trains, ferries and trams. Then there are additionaltimes for moving between one type of transport and the next and waiting for the nextpart of the service. These can be minimized by an integrated transport system withfrequent, connecting services at 'passenger interchanges'. Passenger interchangesseem a good idea, but they are not universally popular. Most people prefer astraight-through journey between two points, even if this is less frequent than anintegrated service with interchanges. The reason is probably because there are moreopportunities for things to go wrong, and experience suggests that even starting ajourney does not guarantee that it will successfully finish.In practice, most major cities such as London and Paris have successfulinterchanges, and they are spreading into smaller towns, such as Montpellier inFrance. For the ten years up to 2001 the population of Montpellier grew by more than8.4 per cent, and it moved from being the 22nd largest town in France to the eighthlargest. It has good transport links with the port of Sète, an airport, inland waterways,main road networks and a fast rail link to Paris. In 2001 public transport wasenhanced with a 15 kilometer tramline connecting major sites in the town centre withother transport links. At the same time, buses were rerouted to connect to the tram,cycling was encouraged for short distances, park-and-ride services were improved,and journeys were generally made easier. As a result, there has been an increase inuse of public transport, a reduction in the number of cars in the town center, andimproved air quality. When the tram opened in 2000, a third of the population tried itin the first weekend, and it carried a million people within seven weeks of opening. In2005, a second tramline will add 19 kilometers to the routes. Case Study Questions:1. Are the problems of moving people significantlydifferent from the problems of moving goods orservices?2. What are the benefits of public transport over privatetransport? Should public transport be encouragedand, if so how?3. What are the benefits of integrated public transportsystems?4. How can you use the benefit of good transportationsystem in logistics management?

Accepted Answer

1. Certainly the problems of moving people has a significant difference from problems of moving…