Q: During the life cycle of the HIV virus, a transcription of DNA takes place, what are these used for…
A: Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV) is a type of retrovirus that attacks and destroys the immune…
Q: Compared with cells, what is unusual about viral genomes?
A: A virus is a submicroscopic infectious particle that replicates only inside the living cells of an…
Q: A viral genome is composed of a double stranded DNA molecule containing 14% T (thymine). Based on…
A: The deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material that is passed from one generation to the next…
Q: Describe how each of the following bacteriophages M13, G4 and X174 initate replication.
A: The replication in the bacteriophage is by two types lysogenic and lytic cycle in lysogenic cycle…
Q: Is there such a thing as a “good virus”? Explain why or why not.Consider both bacteriophages and…
A: Viruses are minute particles that are made up of only their genetic material which may be DNA or RNA…
Q: Describe two mechanisms a virus might use to prevent the induction of apoptosis in an infected cell.
A: Apoptosis is the most typical form of cell death that is operated by a series of events controlled…
Q: Describe steps of viral replication, what are the differences in the replication between RNA and DNA…
A: A virus is a very small submicroscopic agent that is known for causing infections in its host…
Q: Within the long-terminal repeat in the retrovirus genome is a PBS. If the PBS was mutated such that…
A: Retroviruses is a virus that uses RNA as its genetic material. The life cycle of retrovirus contain…
Q: What is the function of the Matrix protein during rabies virus pathogenesis?
A: Rabies virus is a neurotropic virus that is responsible for causing rabies disease in humans as well…
Q: Which of the following would be the first step in biosynthesis of a virus with a - (minus) strand…
A: D. Synthesis of double stranded RNA from an RNA template
Q: Explain the processes involved in viral replication or virus reproduction.
A: Viruses are microscopic particles that are obligate parasites and they lack the ability to survive…
Q: Describe the process of reverse transcription of HIV RNA.
A: In the process of reverse transcription a complementary DNA (cDNA) is generated from an RNA…
Q: Explain how the attachment of viruses to bacterial cells is different from the attachment of viruses…
A: Any infectious agent or microorganism (Virus, bacterium, protozoa, ETC) that can cause disease is a…
Q: Why are host cell antiviral responses that target double-stranded RNA effective against single-…
A: The host cell's antivirus response against RNA viruses target enzymes used by RNA virusesto stop…
Q: Explain the detailed steps of viral replication
A: The formation of biological viruses during the infection method within the target host cells is…
Q: A lytic bacteriophage produces Lysozyme and Holin, which causes a host cell to lyse. At which point…
A: Bacteriophage A bacteriophage is described as a bacteria-infected by a virus (bacteria + phage or…
Q: _____ mRNA is synthesized before replication of the viral nucleic acid.
A: The nucleic acid is the genetic material in the virus. The virus can have either DNA or RNA. Both…
Q: Describe Specialized transduction: transfer of specific genetic material by means of a virus…
A: Transduction is the process in which the foreign DNA is inserted into a cell by a viral vector or…
Q: The viral genome that is integrated into the bacterial genome is called the _____________.
A: Virus are composed of a protein coat and a genome in the core . where the viral genome contains…
Q: 1) Listen Can a bacteriophage only capable of the lytic replication cycle transfer bacterial genes…
A:
Q: Suppose that you want to study retroviral integration mechanisms by determining the nucleotide…
A: Different molecular techniques are there to use for the above purpose
Q: explain how the virus/vaccine’s mRNA uses the cells ribosome to make a COVID capsule spike
A: COVID-19 refers to an infectious disease that is caused by the coronavirus. It is a novel strain…
Q: The first phase in the multiplication of Bacteriophages is
A: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria.
Q: Many viruses organize their genomes with the non-structural and structural genes clustered together…
A: A Virus is a small electron microscopic parasite, incapable of reproducing by its own, survives by…
Q: What is the function of the protein spikes on a virus?
A: Spike proteins or peplomer are proteins that are present in the outer layer/ envelope of the virus.…
Q: Describe the viral replication.
A: The process of duplicating a DNA molecule is known as replication. Each each daughter cell receives…
Q: Explain the lytic cycle of a bacteriophages life cycle.
A: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. The term "bacteriophage" literally means "bacteria…
Q: List the step common to all viral replication pathways.
A: ANSWER: Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens therefore Virus particles need the machinery…
Q: Briefly describe the two approaches a bacteriophagecan take to trigger an infection once inside its…
A: A virus can be defined as a submicroscopic organism that consists of genetic information either in…
Q: Discuss the penetration of the T4 bacteriophage during replication or infection?
A: Phages are viruses that use bacterial as a host cell.
Q: Explain the role of RNase H (a component of reverse transcriptase)during the synthesis of HIV DNA.
A:
Q: Briefly describe the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages.In your answer, explain what a…
A: A phage is composed of nucleic acid and protein capsid. A protein sheat is consists of a hollow tube…
Q: Define prion.
A: Viruses are made up of protein. They either contain RNA (Ribonucleic acid) or DNA (Deoxyribonucleic…
Q: Diagrammatically explain the mechanism of cellular injury caused by virus and bacteria
A: In physiology, cellular injury is defined as the injury or damage to the cell due to various…
Q: Which type of virus must contain an RNA replicase packaged in the viral particle in order to carry…
A: A virus is a small collection of genetic code, it can be DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat…
Q: Describe how the genome of bacteriophage fX174 istranscribed and translated.
A: Bacteriophages are special type of virus that can infect a bacterial species.
Q: Explain how having a segmented genome impacts synthesis of viral mRNA and proteins and the…
A: Some single-stranded RNA viruses have their genome present in the form of multiple pieces.
Q: If a virus has a negative-sense RNA genome, what enzymatic activity (if any) will be found as part…
A: The main strategy of virus having a negative-sense RNA genome is to synthesize positive sense RNA .…
Q: Describe the difference between the bacteriophage lytic and lysogenic cycle.
A: Phages are among the most widespread entities in the biosphere. It is assumed that there exist about…
Q: How does an animal virus replication cycle differ from that of a bacteriophage?
A: Replication cycle is also known as the reproduction cycle. Viruses that infects or targets the…
Q: Compare and contrast how Poliovirus and HIV can enter the host cell and describe how translation is…
A: Viruses are minute particles that are made up of only their genetic material which may be DNA or RNA…
Q: What evolutionary advantage would a retrovirus gain by having the ability to regulate the sites of…
A: Retrovirus is a virus, which carries ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material, along with…
Q: Describe the events that take place at the replication fork during replication of DNA of Escherichia…
A: Replication fork is Y shape structure formed during replication. It mainly occurs in elongation…
Q: Describe the mechanism of replication of the eukaryotic virus SV40.
A:
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- If a viral host cell has a mutation that interferes with the addition of carbohydrates to proteins (glycoproteins) during processing in the Golgi apparatus, which of the following processes is most likely to occur? O A. Viruses released by that host cell would have a decreased ability to infect cells than the virus that originally infected the cell. B. The virus-encoded protease would be unable to cleave large viral proteins into smaller, functional polypeptides. OC. The virus would be unable to replicate within the host cell. D. Viruses released by that cell are novel and would result in infections with higher mortality rates.Briefly describe the two approaches a bacteriophagecan take to trigger an infection once inside its host cell.Briefly describe the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages.In your answer, explain what a prophage is?
- You are studying a new retrovirus. The viral protein (X) appears to play a role in the export of the viral genomes to the cytoplasm. Protein X brings viral DNA to the cytoplasm and returns back to the nucleus after genome export is complete. Researchers have developed a new drug for the virus. Following treatment with the new drug, the viral protein stays in the nucleus and cannot export the viral genomes. What is the most plausible and logical function of the drug? Use your knowledge of nuclear transport to answer this question. O A. The drug inhibits the binding of the viral protein and the viral genomes to the import receptor. B. The drug inhibits the binding of Ran-GTP to the nuclear export receptor in nucleus. C. The drug promotes the Ran GAP activity. D. The drug blocks the NLS on the viral protein.Describe how each of the following bacteriophages M 13, G4 and bX174 initiate DNA replicationList the step common to all viral replication pathways.
- The dUTPase enzyme is used by the African swine fever virus to repair its own DNA, as the cells the virus infects in swine do not express the dUTPase protein. Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for the role of the dUTPase in the virus lifecycle? Explain your choice in 25 words or less. The dUTPase is necessary to remove dUTP from the viral genome, as uracil should not be present in DNA The dUTPase is necessary to remove dUTP from the viral genome, as uridine cannot correctly base pair with adenine-containing bases The dUTPase is necessary to remove dUTP from the viral genome, as uridine has the wrong sugar component for building DNA More than one of the above answers is correct None of the above answers is correct‘’Viruses cannot be grown in standard microbiological culture such as broth and agar. They need to be cultured in the presence of a suitable host such as prokaryotic cells (easiest to grow in the lab), plants and animals because they are unable to reproduce independently in living cells’’.2.2 What are the changes that are brought by a virus to a cell? In your response, make reference to the cytopathic effect (CPE).When a virus infects eukaryotic cells, one fate of the cell is lysis. List and briefly describe two other potential fates.
- Diagrammatically explain the mechanism of cellular injury caused by virus and bacteria?Compare and contrast how Poliovirus and HIV can enter the host cell and describe how translation is initiated in both viruses.Viruses are host-specific, meaning they can only infect specific types of host organisms. For examble, the adenovirus is responsible for the common cold in humans but your dog can't catch a cold from you. Why is this? The proteins on the virus surface can only bind with proteins on the correct host surface. It is an enveloped or non-enveloped virus. The enzymes carried by the virus are compatible with the host. The genome of the virus is made of DNA or RNA.